Pesticide Exports from U.S. Ports, 2001–2003

Smith, Carl; Kerr, Kathleen; Sadripour, Ava

doi:10.1179/oeh.2008.14.3.176

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The extent of the export of pesticides that are prohibited in the USA is substantial. An analysis of U.S. customs shipping records found that between 2001–2003 the USA exported nearly 28 million pounds of pesticides that were not allowed to be used in the country, averaging 13 tons/day [ 108 ]. This included many pesticides that the USA had banned due to human and environmental health concerns and others that were subject to regulation under international treaty, like dinoseb, mercury-based pesticides, endosulfan and pentachlorophenol [ 108 ].…”

Section: How Disproportionate Pesticide Impacts Are Currently Perpetu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward

et al. 2022

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Many environmental pollutants are known to have disproportionate effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) as well as communities of low-income and wealth. The reasons for these disproportionate effects are complex and involve hundreds of years of systematic oppression kept in place through structural racism and classism in the USA. Here we analyze the available literature and existing datasets to determine the extent to which disparities in exposure and harm exist for one of the most widespread pollutants in the world – pesticides. Our objective was to identify and discuss not only the historical injustices that have led to these disparities, but also the current laws, policies and regulatory practices that perpetuate them to this day with the ultimate goal of proposing achievable solutions. Disparities in exposures and harms from pesticides are widespread, impacting BIPOC and low-income communities in both rural and urban settings and occurring throughout the entire lifecycle of the pesticide from production to end-use. These disparities are being perpetuated by current laws and regulations through 1) a pesticide safety double standard, 2) inadequate worker protections, and 3) export of dangerous pesticides to developing countries. Racial, ethnic and income disparities are also maintained through policies and regulatory practices that 4) fail to implement environmental justice Executive Orders, 5) fail to account for unintended pesticide use or provide adequate training and support, 6) fail to effectively monitor and follow-up with vulnerable communities post-approval, and 7) fail to implement essential protections for children. Here we’ve identified federal laws, regulations, policies, and practices that allow for disparities in pesticide exposure and harm to remain entrenched in everyday life for environmental justice communities. This is not simply a pesticides issue, but a broader public health and civil rights issue. The true fix is to shift the USA to a more just system based on the Precautionary Principle to prevent harmful pollution exposure to everyone, regardless of skin tone or income. However, there are actions that can be taken within our existing framework in the short term to make our unjust regulatory system work better for everyone.

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Section: How Disproportionate Pesticide Impacts Are Currently Perpetu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward

et al. 2022

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“…Major pesticide companies benefit from a weak pesticide regulatory system, for example, which enables the distribution of pesticides that have been banned for a long time in Europe and USA (e.g., Smith et al 2008). The pesticide industry has a lot of money to invest in advertising pesticides to farmers and there is no source that may provide farmers with unbiased information.…”

Section: Pesticide Legislation and Its Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weak Governmental Institutions Impair the Management of Pesticide Import and Sales in Zanzibar

Stadlinger

Mmochi

Kumblad

2012

AMBIO

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Poor pesticide handling practices and risk-awareness among African farmers puts human health and the environment at risk. To investigate information available to farmers in Zanzibar (Tanzania), an interview study was conducted with retailers, and governmental pesticide importation to Zanzibar was examined. Pesticide retailers in Zanzibar did not have the necessary knowledge to safely handle or to advise farmers on proper use of pesticides. Licensed shop owners were rarely found in the shops; instead, untrained personnel were employed to sell the pesticides. Implementation of the legislation was weak, mainly due to lack of surveillance by governmental institutions. Poor governmental importation practices and unregulated private imports indicate serious weakness in the management of pesticide importation in Zanzibar. The situation calls for increased attention on the monitoring of pesticide importation and sales to protect the health of farmers and retailers, as well as the environment.

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“…Today, however, the chemical manufacturing industry ( Goldstein et al 2013 ) is increasingly globalized, and the manufacture and use of chemicals are shifting increasingly to low- and middle-income countries, where labor costs are low and environmental protections often few. Also, exports to low-income countries of hazardous materials such as asbestos ( World Health Organization 2014 ), banned pesticides ( Smith et al 2008 ), and e-waste ( Robinson 2009 ) are accelerating. As a result, the threat of hazardous waste is greatest today in low- and middle-income countries ( Caravanos et al 2011 ; Grant et al 2013 ), and in those countries, hazardous waste has become an important, although insufficiently recognized, contributor to the burden of disease ( Chatham-Stephens et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The NIEHS Superfund Research Program: 25 Years of Translational Research for Public Health

Landrigan

Wright

Cordero

et al. 2015

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundThe Superfund Research Program (SRP) is an academically based, multidisciplinary, translational research program that for 25 years has sought scientific solutions to health and environmental problems associated with hazardous waste sites. SRP is coordinated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). It supports multi-project grants, undergraduate and postdoctoral training programs, individual research grants, and Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Technology Transfer Research (STTR) grants.ResultsSRP has had many successes: discovery of arsenic’s toxicity to the developing human central nervous system; documentation of benzene toxicity to hematologic progenitor cells in human bone marrow; development of novel analytic techniques such as the luciferase expression assay and laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy; demonstration that PCBs can cause developmental neurotoxicity at low levels and alter the genomic characteristics of sentinel animals; elucidation of the neurodevelopmental toxicity of organophosphate insecticides; documentation of links between antimicrobial agents and alterations in hormone response; discovery of biological mechanisms through which environmental chemicals may contribute to obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer; tracking the health and environmental effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina; and development of novel biological and engineering techniques to facilitate more efficient and lower-cost remediation of hazardous waste sites.ConclusionSRP must continue to address the legacy of hazardous waste in the United States, respond to new issues caused by rapid advances in technology, and train the next generation of leaders in environmental health science while recognizing that most of the world’s worst toxic hot spots are now located in low- and middle-income countries.CitationLandrigan PJ, Wright RO, Cordero JF, Eaton DL, Goldstein BD, Hennig B, Maier RM, Ozonoff DM, Smith MT, Tukey RH. 2015. The NIEHS Superfund Research Program: 25 years of translational research for public health. Environ Health Perspect 123:909–918; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409247

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Pesticide Exports from U.S. Ports, 2001–2003

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward

Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward

Weak Governmental Institutions Impair the Management of Pesticide Import and Sales in Zanzibar

The NIEHS Superfund Research Program: 25 Years of Translational Research for Public Health

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