Petrogenesis of the Kanker Granites From the Bastar Craton: Implications for Crustal Growth and Evolution During the Archean-Proterozoic Transition

Abstract

Archean-Proterozoic boundary represents a significant transitional phase in the Earth's history. Bastar Craton is one of the major Archean cratons in the Indian subcontinent with voluminous granites, supracrustal rocks, and tectonic belts. Malanjkhand, Dongargarh, and Kanker are the three major granitic plutons emplaced during the Archean-Proterozoic transition in the Bastar Craton, and this study is confined to the granites of Kanker pluton. Based on geochemical systematics, the Kanker granites are classified into sanukitoids, biotite and two-mica granites, and hybrid granites. The compositional diversity of the Kanker granites is attributed to two end-member sources, i.e., the enriched mantle and an older felsic crust, and the interactions between them. The sanukitoids were derived from an enriched mantle source that was metasomatized by the subducted sediments. Heat supplied by the sanukitoid magmas induced the crustal melting to form the biotite and two-mica granites. The interaction between these two mutually end-member sources, i.e., the enriched mantle and an older felsic crust, resulted in the formation of hybrid granites. The evolution of the Kanker granites can be accounted for a transitional geodynamic environment, involving subduction, and collisional tectonics during the Archean-Proterozoic transition.

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“…On the basis of our field observations from the Bastar Craton and those from the other parts of the world, we conclude that because of deep erosion all the evidence of supracrustal rocks including the volcanics are gone and only dykes-sills and dyke swarms acted as plumbing system for the emplacement and eruption of mantle derived melts [46,87,88]. As the temperature of the early earth was much higher, there could have been enormous lava flows on the surface of the early earth, equivalent of Mesozoic Large Igneous Plutons (LIPs) but they are not preserved and their presence is indicated by the dykes, dyke swarms, sills and other mafic plutonic bodies which are exposed because of deep erosion and exposure of plutonic bodies and basement gneisses [9,62,89,90].…”

“…Mafic dyke swarms of Bastar Craton include NWSE trending Keshkal swarm, Bhanupratappur swarm, Dantewara swarm, and Bastanar swarm, NNW-SSE trending Sonakhan swarm, N-S trending Lakhna dykes, ENE-WSW trending Bandimal dykes are well studied [11,22,42,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. Dongargarh, Malanjkhand, Abhujmar and Mul granites represent the diverse Proterozoic granites from Bastar Craton [37,56,[58][59][60][61][62]. Hazarika et al, (2020) have discussed the geochemistry of mafic dykes from Amgaon area, particularly from southern margin of central Indian suture (CIS), with those of northern Bastar Craton Lakhna (1.46 Ga) and Bandimal (1.42 Ga) dykes and inferred a widespread mafic magmatic event across the Bastar Craton circa.1.42-1.46 Ga.…”

Occurrence of uranium, thorium and rare earth elements in the environment: A review

“…Chemical and biological leaching methods, followed by solvent extraction or alkali smelting, are used to achieve substantial recovery of these metals from secondary sources (Maslov et al, 2010;Santos and Ladeira, 2011;Amaral et al, 2018;Dinal et al, 2019;Jyothi et al, 2020;Ahmed et al, 2021). The methods used for REE recycling of used electronic devices Brückner et al (2020) Frontiers in Environmental Science frontiersin.org also include crushing and grinding the devices into powder form, from which the essential components are extracted by further separating the elements using pyrometallurgical methods (Jowitt et al, 2018). Some of the conventional methods involve the use of various acid mixtures, e.g., uranium (54.3 mg kg −1 ) and REEs are often leached from coal ash with a mixture of HNO 3 and HF, using an anion exchanger to extract uranium from solution, followed by further purification (Maslov et al, 2010;Mondal et al, 2019).…”