Petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the North-West Himalaya of India and Pakistan

Craig, Jonathan; Hakhoo, Naveen; Bhat, G. M.; Hafiz, Mateen; Khan, Muhammad Rustam; Misra, Rajni; Pandita, Shevita; Raina, B. K.; Thurow, Juergen W; Thusu, Bindra; Ahmed, Waquaruddin; Khullar, Sumeet

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.09.012

Cited by 62 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…Although aspects of the structural interpretation in Figure 6c might be modified in the light of more recent well penetrations and seismic data, the 2018) the surface structures link back to weak basement faulting at depth. Note that all sections show a similar stratigraphic motif, with foredeep sediments thinning out towards the foreland (southwestwards), also for the pre-orogenic (Eocene and older strata), by Craig et al (2018). deeper structure and role of basement at depth remains conjectural.…”

Section: Nw Himalayan Arcmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Much of this work has centered on the well-exposed, semi-arid areas of the NW Himalayas, and it is this setting that provides the second case study here. The region is also an important hydrocarbon province, as reviewed by Craig et al (2018).…”

Section: Lateral Structural Variations and Syn-kinematic Sedimentatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, other workers suggest that the outcropping folds are associated with thrusts that cut up from basement. This type of alternative geometry is shown in Figure 6c, using the version compiled by Craig et al (2018;modified after Karunakaran & Rao 1979). Offsets of the basement are substantially less than the equivalents in shallower stratigraphic levels.…”

Section: Nw Himalayan Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Syn-kinematic strata influence the structural evolution of emergent fold–thrust belts

Butler¹

2019

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Whether thrusts are ramp-dominated and form imbricate fans or run out onto the syn-orogenic surface, forming 'thrust-allochthons', is governed by the activity of secondary 'upper' detachments along the synorogenic surface, activations of which are inhibited by syn-kinematic sedimentation at the thrust front. In the northern Apennines, where thrust systems are ramp-dominated and form an emergent imbricate fan, synkinematic sedimentation was abundant and accumulated ahead and above each thrust. In the southern Apennines, the far-travelled Lagronegro allochthon achieved its high displacements (.65 km) while the foredeep basin received little sediment. The imbricate fan at the front of the main Himalayan arc developed within a foredeep that experienced high rates of syn-kinematic sedimentation. In contrast, further west, the Salt Range Thrust emerged into a distal, weakly developed foredeep with significantly reduced rates of sediment accumulation. Displacements were strongly localized onto this thrust (c. 25 km displacement) which activated an upper detachment along the syn-orogenic surface. It is an arrested thrust-allochthon. Lateral variations into the adjacent, ramp-dominated but still salt-detached, Jhelum fold-belt are marked by increases in syn-kinematic sedimentation. As sedimentation styles can vary in space and time, individual thrusts and thrust systems can evolve from being allochthon prone to imbricate dominated.From: HAMMERSTEIN, J. A., DI CUIA, R., COTTAM, M. A.,

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Section: Nw Himalayan Arcmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Lateral Structural Variations and Syn-kinematic Sedimentatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nw Himalayan Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Syn-kinematic strata influence the structural evolution of emergent fold–thrust belts

Butler¹

2019

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“…MCDOUGALL & KHAN 1990, AHMAD et al 2010. These are best exemplified by generally accepted maps such as KAZMI & RANA (1982) or NIZAMUDDIN (1997), CRAIG et al (2018, their Figure 7). The proposed Kalabagh and Jhelum faults of ca N-S trend merit special attention and are in the focus of this paper ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Transversal folding in Himalaya foothill ranges

Csontos¹,

Dunkl

Vakarcs

et al. 2019

Földt. Közl.

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The Himalayan foreland in N Pakistan, dissected by Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) contains spectacular salients and syntaxes. The lateral (N-S) boundaries between these salients and syntaxes around Kalabagh city and east-southeast of Islamabad were believed to host deep-seated lateral ramps with strike slip movements. However, seismic data in these two sectors suggest that there are N-S trending folds and locally east- or west-vergent thrusts that affect the Paleozoic-Paleogene cover of the Indian shield, as well as the Miocene-Pliocene molasse sediments. The proposed lateral ramps cannot be followed on the seismic and on maps either; instead, both maps and seismic data suggest folding, often on a regional scale of harder Paleo-Mesozoic-Paleogene and softer Oligo-Miocene-Pilo-Pleistocene cover. The NE corner of Surghar range is proposed to be formed of relaying thrust sheets with emergent heads composed of Paleozoic-Paleogene and its slightly detached Miocene molasse. These relaying imbricates are taken in a southward flexure generated by a major right lateral shear of a wide zone, where transpressive Riedel shears, en echelon anticlines and southwards flexed earlier thrust faults are the main elements (but a single, through-going Kalabagh fault is missing). The generation of mapped N-S trending folds and east-vergent thrusts preceded the formation of the wide shear zone and southwards flexing.Hazara syntaxis is interpreted as a major antiform that re-folded MBT and Panjal thrust around Oligo-Miocene molasse, itself forming an antiform (BOSSART ET AL. 1988). In our model we propose that the west-vergent Balakot thrust and deeper blind thrusts are in the core of this antiform. In the southern continuation we propose that folds in Miocene molasse continue from eastern Potwar region to western Kashmir and there appears no major break. These structures are also re-folded in a major antiform with N-S axial trend. Map analysis also suggests that N-S trending folds bending earlier main thrusts are occurring in a wide area south of the Indus-Tsangpo suture.Several independent geological and geophysical observations including mapping, seismic analysis, earlier measurements of strain axes and of paleomagnetic declinations suggest that the salients and syntaxes may have been much more linear in the past (although a total linearity is not realistic). It is proposed that the present-day undulating pattern may have been generated by N-S trending folds due to general (and episodic) E-W shortening. If the main fault zones were more linear, the relay pattern along their segments suggests a left lateral shear component along MBT and a mixed, locally left, locally right lateral component along MFT. Earlier (ZEITLER 1985) and now provided low temperature thermochronological ages strongly suggest a rather general episode of E-W shortening between 4-5 Ma for the whole northern Indian margin. However, there should have been original transversal dome formation as early as Oligocene (DIPIETRO ET AL. 2008). It is also clear that longer N-S shortening and shorter E-W shortening episodes should alternate eventually in a very short time frame, since earthquake focal mechanisms (LISA AND KHWAJA 2004, BURG ET AL. 2005) suggest the coexistence of E-W compression and NW-SE compression in Potwar.There are several potential explanations for generating E-W shortening and related structures in a general N-S shortening regime. Possibilities range from fault terminations of thrust faults at high angles in a particular zone (TREOLAR ET AL. 1992) to en echelon folding along a major right lateral E-W fault zone. However, we speculate that E-W shortening could be much more general, suggesting a mechanism that affects the whole of Indian plate. Possibly the best explanation is given by analogue models (REPLUMAZ ET AL. 2012) proposing major, slightly convergent confining boundaries. If applied to the northwards advance of India, the northwards converging boundaries generate secondary E-W shortening and east-or west-vergent orogens parallel to these boundaries.

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“…The vast potential of Precambrian petroleum systems has been demonstrated by the discovery and development of large-scale oil and gas fields in Russia, India, Oman and China (Craig et al, 2013(Craig et al, , 2018Dutta et al, 2013;Kelly et al, 2011;Zhao et al, 2018;Zou et al, 2019). The Meso-neoproterozoic strata widely occur in the Yanliao Faulted-Depression Zone (YFDZ), northeast China (Sun and Wang, 2016;Wang, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical characteristics and origin of hydrocarbons in the Mesoproterozoic reservoirs in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China

Tang

Zhu

et al. 2019

Energy Exploration & Exploitation

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Oil reservoirs have been discovered in the Mesoproterozoic strata in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China. In order to determine the source of oil shows of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and their organic geochemical characteristics, eight source rocks and reservoir cores from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and four source rocks from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation were geochemically analysed. The distribution patterns of normal alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes and triaromatic steroids of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons from Well N-1 are consistent with those of source rock extracts from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Well L-1. The molecular marker compositions of source rock extracts from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation are distinctively different from those of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons. The results suggest that the Mesoproterozoic source rocks have significant petroleum generation potential. The Mesoproterozoic paleo-reservoir may be prospecting exploration targets in the Liaoxi

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Petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the North-West Himalaya of India and Pakistan

Cited by 62 publications

References 141 publications

Syn-kinematic strata influence the structural evolution of emergent fold–thrust belts

Syn-kinematic strata influence the structural evolution of emergent fold–thrust belts

Transversal folding in Himalaya foothill ranges

Geochemical characteristics and origin of hydrocarbons in the Mesoproterozoic reservoirs in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China

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