Petrology of the opening eruptive phase of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption, La Palma, Canary Islands

Pankhurst, Matthew J.; Scarrow, Jane H.; Barbee, Olivia; Hickey, James; Coldwell, Beverley; Rollinson, Gavyn; Rodríguez-Losada, José A.; Martín-Lorenzo, Alba; Rodríguez, Fátima; Hernández, William; Hernández, Pedro A.; Pérez, Nemesio M.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-963593/v1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This process, although likely continuous, did not cause signi cant stress changes, as evidenced by the sporadic and low-magnitude seismicity (Ml < 2.0), suggesting the presence of pre-established ascent pathways. This is consistent with observations of magmatic differentiation 14 , a process that requires time. Initial earthquakes delineate the upper limit of the reservoir (i.e., the Moho or lower limit of consolidated oceanic crust).…”

Section: Eruptive Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Voluminous Storage and Rapid Magma Ascent Beneath La Palma Revealed by Seismic Tomography

D’Auria

Koulakov

Prudencio

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Seismic tomography provides a window into magmatic plumbing systems; however, obtaining sufficient data for ‘real-time’ imaging is challenging. Until now, syn-eruptive tomography has not been successfully demonstrated. For the first time, we obtained high-resolution images of Earth's interior during an ongoing volcanic eruption. We used data from 11,349 earthquakes, most of which during La Palma eruption (19 September-13 December, 2021), to perform travel-time seismic tomography. We present high-precision earthquake relocations and 3D distributions of P and S-wave velocities highlighting the geometry of magma sources. We identified three distinct structures: (1) a shallow localised region (< 3 km) of hydrothermal alteration; (2) spatially extensive, consolidated, oceanic crust extending to ~10 km depth and; (3) a large (> 400 km3) sub-crustal magma-filled rock volume intrusion extending from ~7 to 25 km depth. Our results suggest that this large magma reservoir feeds the La Palma eruption continuously for almost three months. Prior to eruption onset, magma ascended from ~10 km depth to the surface in < 7 days. In the upper 3 km, melt migration is along the western contact between consolidated oceanic crust and altered hydrothermal material. Similar structural weaknesses along the eastern contact could potentially cause new eruptive centres in the future.

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Section: Eruptive Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Voluminous Storage and Rapid Magma Ascent Beneath La Palma Revealed by Seismic Tomography

D’Auria

Koulakov

Prudencio

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Up to 8 eruptions have been documented since the fifteenth century: ~ 1480 (Montaña Quemada), 1585 (Tajuya), 1677 (San Antonio), 1646 (Martín), 1712 (El Charco), 1949 (San Juan) 22 , 1971 (Teneguía) and, finally, the Tajogaite eruption which occurred in 2021 (Fig. 1) [23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Tajogaite eruption. From The eruption was preluded by a seismic swarm related to magma uprise that was detected at 8-13 km depth by Spain's National Geographic Institution (IGN by its initials in Spanish), the Canary Islands Volcanological Institution (INVOLCAN) and the Global Volcanism Program 27 . The eruption began at 14:02 GMT in the Tajogaite-Cabeza de Vaca area, which is located ~ 2 km from the El Paso municipality.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ephemeral fumarolic mineralization of the 2021 Tajogaite volcanic eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain)

Campeny

Menéndez

Ibáñez

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The present work aims to characterize the ephemeral mineral assemblage related to the fumarolic fields of the Tajogaite volcano, formed in 2021 in La Palma Island (Canary Islands, Spain). A set of 73 samples was obtained after two sampling campaigns in different fumarole sectors of the studied area. Mineralization related to these fumaroles formed efflorescent patches located at variable distance from the main volcanic craters. Distal patches are predominantly whitish, while in the vicinities they typically show yellowish to orange colours. Field observations also revealed that fumaroles usually occur in elevated topographic areas as well as over fractured and porous volcanic pyroclastic materials. The mineralogical and textural characterisation of the Tajogaite fumaroles unfolds a complex mineral assemblage, comprising cryptocrystalline phases related to low (< 200 °C) and medium temperature (200–400 °C) conditions. In Tajogaite, we propose a classification of three different fumarolic mineralization types: (1) fluorides and chlorides located in proximal fumarolic areas (~ 300–180 °C); (2) native sulphur associated with gypsum, mascagnite and salammoniac (~ 120–100 °C) and (3) sulphates and alkaline carbonates typically occurred in distal fumarolic areas (< 100 °C). Finally, we present a schematic model of the formation of Tajogaite fumarolic mineralization and their compositional evolution developed during the cooling of the volcanic system.

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“…In the early phase of the eruption, the cone grew rapidly and experienced frequent small-scale failures and opening of new vents. On September 25, there was a large collapse of the edifice which resulted in rafted material, and was associated with increased explosive activity that ejected tephra containing white xenopumice fragments (Pankhurst et al, 2022;Romero et al, 2022). Plume heights were variable, ranging between 1,500 and 5,500 m a.s.l.…”

Section: Eruption Timelinementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability of explosive activity at Tajogaite volcano, Cumbre Vieja (Canary Islands), 2021 eruption from ground-based infrared photography and videography

Birnbaum,

Lev,

Hernandez

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The 2021 eruption at Tajogaite (Cumbre Vieja) volcano (La Palma, Spain) was characterized by Strombolian eruptions, Hawaiian fountaining, white gas-dominated and grey ash-rich plumes, and lava effusion from multiple vents. The variety of eruptive styles displayed simultaneously and throughout the eruption presents an opportunity to explore controls on explosivity and the relationship between explosive and effusive activity. Explosive eruption dynamics were recorded using ground-based thermal photography and videography. We show results from the analysis of short (<5 min) near-daily thermal videos taken throughout the eruption from multiple ground-based locations and continuous time-lapse thermal photos over the period November 16 to November 26. We measure the apparent radius, velocity, and volume flux of the high-temperature gas-and-ash jet and lava fountaining behaviors to investigate the evolution of the explosive activity over multiple time scales (seconds-minutes, hours, and days-weeks). We find fluctuations in volume flux of explosive material that correlate with changes in volcanic tremor and hours-long increases in explosive flux that are immediately preceded by increases in lava effusion rate. Correlated behavior at multiple vents suggests dynamic magma ascent pathways connected in the shallow (tens to hundreds of meters) sub-surface. We interpret the changes in explosivity and the relative amounts of effusive and explosivity to be the result of changes in gas flux and the degree of gas coupling.

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Petrology of the opening eruptive phase of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption, La Palma, Canary Islands

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Voluminous Storage and Rapid Magma Ascent Beneath La Palma Revealed by Seismic Tomography

Voluminous Storage and Rapid Magma Ascent Beneath La Palma Revealed by Seismic Tomography

The ephemeral fumarolic mineralization of the 2021 Tajogaite volcanic eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain)

Temporal variability of explosive activity at Tajogaite volcano, Cumbre Vieja (Canary Islands), 2021 eruption from ground-based infrared photography and videography

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