PGE2 mediates hemocyte-spreading behavior by activating aquaporin via cAMP and rearranging actin cytoskeleton via Ca2+

Ahmed, Shabbir; Kim, Yonggyun

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2021.104230

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It mediates cellular and humoral immune responses ( 41 ). PGE 2 is especially required for cellular immune responses by stimulating the cytoskeletal rearrangement of actin filaments ( 42 ). It can also activate melanization via the release of PPO ( 43 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Duox catalyzes the production of ROS after being activated by Ca 2+ ( 45 ). PGE 2 induces Ca 2+ signals through its specific receptor on the membrane via cAMP ( 42 ). Especially, the promoter of Duox gene in S. exigua has a cAMP response element (CRE) that can bind to CRE-binding protein, which is activated by cAMP in response to PGE 2 ( 46 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Against Beauveria bassiana, a Fungal Pathogen

et al. 2022

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Western flower thrips, Frankliella occidentalis, is a serious pest by directly infesting host crops. It can also give indirect damage to host crops by transmitting a plant virus called tomato spotted wilt virus. A fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, can infect thrips. It has been used as a biopesticide. However, little is known on the defense of thrips against this fungal pathogen. This study assessed the defense of thrips against the fungal infection with respect to immunity by analyzing immune-associated genes of F. occidentalis in both larvae and adults. Immunity-associated genes of western flower thrips were selected from three immunity steps: nonself recognition, mediation, and immune responses. For the pathogen recognition step, dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) was chosen. For the immune mediation step, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and prostaglandin E2 synthase were also selected. For the step of immune responses, two phenoloxidases (PO) genes and four proPO-activating peptidase genes involved in melanization against pathogens were chosen. Dual oxidase gene involved in the production of reactive oxygen species and four antimicrobial peptide genes for executing humoral immune responses were selected. All immunity-associated genes were inducible to the fungal infection. Their expression levels were induced higher in adults than in larvae by the fungal infections. However, inhibitor treatments specific to DSP1 or PLA2 significantly suppressed the inducible expression of these immune-associated genes, leading to significant enhancement of fungal pathogenicity. These results suggest that immunity is essential for thrips to defend against B. bassiana, in which DSP1 and eicosanoids play a crucial role in eliciting immune responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Against Beauveria bassiana, a Fungal Pathogen

et al. 2022

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“…. cAMP also activates phospholipase C ('PLC') to increase the inositol triphosphate ('IP 3 ') level [19]. IP 3 binds to its receptor ('IP 3 R') on the endoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+ [19].…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cAMP also activates phospholipase C ('PLC') to increase the inositol triphosphate ('IP 3 ') level [19]. IP 3 binds to its receptor ('IP 3 R') on the endoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+ [19]. The released Ca 2+ triggers calcium-induced calcium release from the ryanodine receptor ('RyR'), which leads to a Ca 2+ burst [19].…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IP 3 binds to its receptor ('IP 3 R') on the endoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+ [19]. The released Ca 2+ triggers calcium-induced calcium release from the ryanodine receptor ('RyR'), which leads to a Ca 2+ burst [19]. The up-regulated Ca 2+ then activates dual oxidase ('Duox') to produce reactive oxygen species ('ROS') and finally defend NEM.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dorsal switch protein 1 as a damage signal in insect gut immunity to activate dual oxidase via an eicosanoid, PGE2

2022

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Various microbiota including beneficial symbionts reside in the insect gut. Infections of pathogens cause dysregulation of the microflora and threaten insect survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been used in the gut immune responses, in which its production is tightly regulated by controlling dual oxidase (Duox) activity via Ca2+ signal to protect beneficial microflora and gut epithelium due to its high cytotoxicity. However, it was not clear how the insects discriminate the pathogens from the various microbes in the gut lumen to trigger ROS production. An entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema feltiae) infection elevated ROS level in the gut lumen of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) localized in the nucleus in the midgut epithelium was released into plasma upon the nematode infection and activated phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The activated PLA2 led to an increase of PGE2 level in the midgut epithelium, in which rising Ca2+ signal up-regulated ROS production. Inhibiting DSP1 release by its specific RNA interference (RNAi) or specific inhibitor, 3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol, treatment failed to increase the intracellular Ca2+ level and subsequently prevented ROS production upon the nematode infection. A specific PLA2 inhibitor treatment also prevented the up-regulation of Ca2+ and subsequent ROS production upon the nematode infection. However, the addition of PGE2 to the inhibitor treatment rescued the gut immunity. DSP1 release was not observed at infection with non-pathogenic pathogens but detected in plasma with pathogenic infections that would lead to damage to the gut epithelium. These results indicate that DSP1 acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern in gut immunity through DSP1/PLA2/Ca2+/Duox.

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Immune responses of the Asian onion moth, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, and their genetic factors from RNA‐Seq analysis

Hrithik

Kim

2023

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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A nonmodel insect, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, has been analyzed in immune responses. The total hemocytes in the fifth instar larvae were 2.33 × 106 cells/mL. These hemocytes comprised at least five different types and different relative ratios: 47% granulocytes, 26% plasmatocytes, 11% oenocytoid, 8% prohemocytes, and 5% spherulocytes. Upon bacterial challenge, some of the hemocytes exhibited typical hemocyte‐spreading behaviors, such as focal adhesion, and filopodial and lamellipodial cytoplasmic extensions. The hemocyte behaviors induced cellular immune responses demonstrated by nodule formation. In addition, the plasma collected from the immune‐challenged larvae exhibited humoral immune responses by bacterial growth inhibition along with enhanced phenoloxidase enzyme activity. These cellular and humoral immune responses were further analyzed by determining the immune‐associated genes from a transcriptome generated by RNA‐Seq. A total of about 12 Gb sequences led to about 218,116 contigs, which were predicted to encode about 46,808 genes. Comparative expression analysis showed 8392 uniquely expressed genes in the immune‐challenged larvae. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis among the commonly expressed genes indicated that 782 genes were upregulated and 548 genes were downregulated in the expressions after bacterial challenge. These immune‐associated genes included pattern recognition receptors, immune mediation/signaling genes, and various immune effectors. Specifically, the genetic components of the Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT immune signaling pathways were included in the DEG database. These results demonstrate the immune responses of A. sapporensis larvae and suggest the genes associated with the immune responses in this nonmodel insect.

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PGE2 mediates hemocyte-spreading behavior by activating aquaporin via cAMP and rearranging actin cytoskeleton via Ca2+

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Against Beauveria bassiana, a Fungal Pathogen

HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Against Beauveria bassiana, a Fungal Pathogen

Dorsal switch protein 1 as a damage signal in insect gut immunity to activate dual oxidase via an eicosanoid, PGE2

Immune responses of the Asian onion moth, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, and their genetic factors from RNA‐Seq analysis

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