Phage typing, PCR amplification for mecA gene, and antibiotic resistance patterns as epidemiologic markers in nosocomial outbreaks of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of community and hospital-acquired infections. Bacteriophage considered as a major risk factor acquires S. aureus new virulence genetic elements. A total number of 119 S. aureus isolated from different specimens obtained from (RKH) were distinguished by susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents, phage typing, and PCR amplification for mecA gene. All of MRSA isolates harbored mecA gene, except three unique isolates. The predominant phage group is belonging to the (mixed group). Phage group (II) considered as an epidemiological marker correlated to β-lactamase hyper producer isolates. MRSA isolates indicated high prevalence of phage group (II) with highly increase for phage types (Ø3A), which were correlated to the skin. Phage types (Ø80/Ø81) played an important roll in Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (CAMRSA). Three outpatients MRSA isolates had low multiresistance against Bacitracin (Ba) and Fusidic acid (FD), considered as CAMRSA isolates. It was detected that group I typed all FD-resistant MSSA isolates. Phage groups (M) and (II) were found almost to be integrated for Gentamycin (GN) resistance especially phage type (Ø95) which relatively increased up to 20% in MRSA. Tetracycline (TE) resistant isolates typed by groups (II) and (III) in MSSA. Only one isolate resistant to Sulphamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (SXT) was typed by (III/V) alone in MSSA. MRSA isolates resistant to Chloramphenicol (C) and Ba were typed by all groups except (V). It could be concluded that (PERSA) S. aureus isolates from the wound that originated and colonized, and started to build up multi-resistance against the topical treatment antibiotics. In this study, some unique sporadic isolates for both MRSA and MSSA could be used as biological, molecular and epidemiological markers such as prospective tools.

-mec-A-mediated Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in a Referral Hospital, Tehran, Iran

“…The prevalence of Meticillin resistant strains detected by phenotypical methods was about 39.2% in Shariati Center among which 92 isolates (93.6%) carried mec-A gene, that in some aspects is similar to the report from Saudi Arabia (12). …”

“…However, using MIC method, about 90% of samples isolated from patients in ICU and infectious disease ward in a hospital in Tehran were Meticillin resistant ( 13 ). The prevalence of Meticillin resistant strains detected by phenotypical methods was about 39.2% in Shariati Center among which 92 isolates (93.6%) carried mec-A gene, that in some aspects is similar to the report from Saudi Arabia ( 12 ).…”

“…For example, surveillance results of blood stream infections showed noticeable variability range of 1 to 50% in different countries in European Union ( 11 ), and 20-40% and even up to 80% in some centers in India ( 6 ). In Saudi Arabia 42 0ut 0f 119isolates of S. aureus were reported to be Meticillin resistant based on phenotypical tests used in a study conducted in Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital among which 39 0ut of 42 carried the mec-A gene ( 12 ). In Iran, based on the prevalence of mec-A gene, the prevalence of 87.36% MRSA infection was reported in burn patients in a hospital in Ahvaz (South of Iran) ( 2 ).…”

Frequency of Aminoglycoside-Resistance Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

“…Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causative agents in both hospital- and community-acquired infections (1). This bacterium can cause various types of infection, including sepsis, pneumonia, wound sepsis, endocarditis, catheter-related infections, and urinary tract infections (UTIs) (2).…”

Association of tsst-1 and pvl with mecA Genes among Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major bacterial human pathogen held responsible for both community-acquired as well as hospitalacquired related infections 1 , that might cause a wide variety of clinical manifestations including sepsis, respiratory tract, surgical site and urinary tract infections 2 . Staphylococcus aureus infection remains a tough challenge to manage due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains that led to drag its clinical importance under the spot light over the past decades 3 .…”