Pharmaceutical products as emerging contaminant in water: relevance for developing nations and identification of critical compounds for Indian environment

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of emerging concern and have been detected worldwide in water bodies in trace concentrations. Most of these emerging contaminants are not regulated in water quality standards except a few in the developed countries. In the case of developing countries, research in this direction is at a nascent stage. For the effective management of Pharmaceutical contaminants (PC) in developing countries, the relevance of PCs as an emerging contaminant has to be analyzed followed by regular monitoring of the environment. Considering the resource constraints, this could be accomplished by identifying the priority compounds which is again region specific and dependent on consumption behavior and pattern. In this work, relevance of pharmaceutical compound as emerging contaminant in water for a developing country like India is examined by considering the data pertaining to pharmaceutical consumption data. To identify the critical Pharmaceutical Contaminants to be monitored in the Indian environment, priority compounds from selected prioritization methods were screened with the compounds listed in National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM), India. Further, information on the number of publications on the compound as an emerging contaminant, data on monitoring studies in India and the number of brands marketing the compound in India were also analyzed. It is found that out of 195 compounds from different prioritization techniques, only 77 compounds were found relevant to India based on NLEM sorting.

Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials

“…Human health risk ratios and acceptable daily intake of some reported drugs. (Chinnaiyan et al, 2018;Cunningham et al, 2009) (Bhandari et al, 2019;Moustafa et al, 2007) Quinalphos Neurotoxicant, skin and eye irritant Alzheimer's disease and male sterility in humans. (Bhandari et al, 2019;Govindarajan et al, 2019)…”

Occurrence and risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in water and sediments of Usuma Dam, Abuja, Nigeria

“…Usuma dam built across Usuma river is located in Bwari, Abuja on Latitude 9°01ʹ12" N and Longitude 7°25ʹ16" E. It has a reservoir capacity of 120 million m 3 . It consists of the main and the saddle dam.…”

“…Our increasing dependence on these products has led to the unintentional presence of their residues in the aquatic environment at concentrations potentially harmful to aquatic organisms [1,2]. As emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals are not usually monitored in the environment but can cause adverse ecological and human health effects when released into the environment [3][4][5].…”

Organic micropollutants paracetamol and ibuprofen—toxicity, biodegradation, and genetic background of their utilization by bacteria

“…Among them, paracetamol and ibuprofen were characterized by almost the highest detected concentrations. Chinnaiyan et al ( 2018 ) placed paracetamol and ibuprofen on the list of the compounds relevant for India as emerging contaminants detected in water of a developing country examined by considering the data pertaining to pharmaceutical consumption data.…”