Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States

Landau, Sharon Cohen; Besinque, Kathleen; Chung, Frances; Dries-Daffner, Ingrid; Maderes, Nicole Monastersky; McGhee, Belle Taylor; Foster, Diana Greene

doi:10.1331/japha.2009.07154

Cited by 72 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Only a small fraction of pharmacies assessed in this study had an EC-certified pharmacist whereas 42% of pharmacists in California responding to a 2007 survey indicated they are EC-certified [11]. In the literature, interest in prescribing EC is high, but may not translate to practice due to barriers cited, such as time and lack of incentive to participate [11,12]. On the other hand, most pharmacies assessed in this study did sell EC (79.2%) compared to lower rates in a 2007 study in North Carolina (60.7%) [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Additionally, younger teens may particularly benefit from EC-certified pharmacists prescribing EC so that the prescription can be processed under insurance to minimize out-of-pocket costs to the patient. Only a small fraction of pharmacies assessed in this study had an EC-certified pharmacist whereas 42% of pharmacists in California responding to a 2007 survey indicated they are EC-certified [11]. In the literature, interest in prescribing EC is high, but may not translate to practice due to barriers cited, such as time and lack of incentive to participate [11,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Assessment of Family Planning Services at Community Pharmacies in San Diego, California

et al. 2013

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Abstract:Levonorgestrel emergency contraception and other contraceptive methods are available over-the-counter (OTC); however youth continue to face a number of barriers in accessing healthcare services, including lack of knowledge of the method, fear of loss of privacy, difficulties in finding a provider, and cost. A descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study of a sample of 112 community pharmacies in San Diego, California was conducted between December 2009 and January 2010 to assess community pharmacy practices related to the availability and accessibility of family planning health pharmacy services and products, particularly to youth. A majority (n = 79/112, 70.5%) of the pharmacies carried a wide selection of male condoms; however, the other OTC nonhormonal contraceptive products were either not available or available with limited selection. A majority of the pharmacies sold emergency contraception (n = 88/111, 78.6%). Most patient counseling areas consisted of either a public or a semi-private area. A majority of the pharmacy sites did not provide materials or services targeting youth. Significant gaps exist in providing family planning products and services in the majority of community pharmacies in San Diego, California. Education and outreach efforts are needed to promote provision of products and services, particularly to the adolescent population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Assessment of Family Planning Services at Community Pharmacies in San Diego, California

et al. 2013

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“…Landau et al [20] administered an American nation-wide pharmacist survey to assess interest and perceived advantages and barriers for pharmacist-prescribed hormonal contraception. Pharmacists (n = 2,725) responded to the survey, which took place from November, 2004, to January, 2005.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pharmacists (n = 2,725) responded to the survey, which took place from November, 2004, to January, 2005. A majority of pharmacist respondents were interested in initiating hormonal contraception at the pharmacy [20]. Perceived barriers to independent contraception provision included the need for regular Pap smears to identify the presence of pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions [20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A majority of pharmacist respondents were interested in initiating hormonal contraception at the pharmacy [20]. Perceived barriers to independent contraception provision included the need for regular Pap smears to identify the presence of pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions [20]. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care recently released their 2013 "Recommendations on screening for cervical cancer" indicating a recommendation to begin Pap smears at age 25 and then to undertake screening only once every three years [25].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a Survey to Assess the Acceptability of an Innovative Contraception Practice among Rural Pharmacists

et al. 2014

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Improved access to effective contraceptive methods is needed in Canada, particularly in rural areas, where unintended pregnancy rates are high and specific sexual health services may be further away. A rural pharmacist may be the most accessible health care professional. Pharmacy practice increasingly incorporates cognitive services. In Canada many provinces allow pharmacists to independently prescribe for some indications, but not for hormonal contraception. To assess the acceptability for the implementation of this innovative practice in Canada, we developed and piloted a survey instrument. We chose questions to address the components for adoption and change described in Rogers' "diffusion of innovations" theory. The proposed instrument was iteratively reviewed by 12 experts, then focus group tested among eight pharmacists or students to improve the instrument for face validity, readability, consistency and relevancy to community pharmacists in the Canadian context. We then pilot tested the survey among urban and rural pharmacies. 4% of urban and 35% of rural pharmacies returned pilot surveys. Internal consistency on repeated re-phrased questions was high (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.901). We present our process for the development of a survey instrument to assess the acceptability and feasibility OPEN ACCESSPharmacy 2014, 2 125 among Canadian community pharmacists for the innovative practice of the independent prescribing of hormonal contraception.

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Association of Pharmacist Prescription With Dispensed Duration of Hormonal Contraception

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE Since 2016, 11 states have expanded the scope of pharmacists to include direct prescription of hormonal contraception. Dispensing greater than 1 month's supply is associated with improved contraceptive continuation rates and fewer breaks in coverage. Scant data exist on the practice of pharmacist prescription of contraception and its outcomes compared with traditional, clinic-based prescriptions. OBJECTIVETo compare the amount of hormonal contraceptive supply dispensed between pharmacists and clinic-based prescriptions. Prescribing patterns were assessed by describing prescribing practices for women with contraindications to combined hormonal contraception.Characteristics of women seeking hormonal contraception directly from pharmacists were also described. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis cohort study surveyed women aged 18 to 50 years who presented to pharmacies in California, Colorado, Hawaii, and Oregon for hormonal contraception prescribed by a clinician or a pharmacist between January 30 and November 1, 2019. EXPOSURES Pharmacist or clinic-based prescription of contraception. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Months of contraceptive supply dispensed. RESULTS Four hundred ten women (mean [SD] age, 27.1 [7.7] years) were recruited who obtained contraception directly from a pharmacist (n = 144) or by traditional clinician prescription (n = 266).Women obtaining contraception from a pharmacist were significantly younger (82 [56.9%] vs 115 [43.2%] participants aged 18-24 years; P = .03), had less education (38 [26.4%] vs 100 [37.6%] with a bachelor degree; P = .002), and were more likely to be uninsured (16 [11.1%] vs 8 [3.0%] participants; P = .001) compared with women with a prescription from a clinician. Pharmacists were significantly more likely to prescribe a 6-month or greater supply of contraceptives than clinicians (6.9% vs 1.5%, P < .001) and significantly less likely to only prescribe a 1-month supply (42 [29.2%] vs 118 [44.4%] prescriptions; P < .001). Controlling for all covariates, women seen by pharmacists had higher odds of receipt of a 6-month or greater supply of contraceptives compared with those seen by clinicians (odds ratio = 3.55; 95% CI, 1.88-6.70). Pharmacists were as likely as clinicians to prescribe a progestin-only method to women with a potential contraindication to estrogen (n = 60 women; 8 [20.0%] vs 6 [30.0%], P = .52). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThese findings suggest that pharmacist prescription of contraception may be associated with improved contraceptive continuation by preventing breaks in coverage through the provision of a greater supply of medication. Efforts are needed to educate prescribing providers on the importance of dispensing 6 months or greater contraceptive supply.

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Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States

Cited by 72 publications

References 8 publications

Assessment of Family Planning Services at Community Pharmacies in San Diego, California

Assessment of Family Planning Services at Community Pharmacies in San Diego, California

Development of a Survey to Assess the Acceptability of an Innovative Contraception Practice among Rural Pharmacists

Association of Pharmacist Prescription With Dispensed Duration of Hormonal Contraception

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