Pharmacogenetics: a perspective and preparedness of Pharm-D and medical students in Jordan

Abstract

Background Pharmacogenetics (PGx) science has evolved significantly with a huge number of studies exploring the effect of genetic variants on interindividual variability of drug response. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitudes and preparedness of Pharm-D vs. medical students toward PGx. Method A paper-based cross-sectional survey was performed. A pilot-tested questionnaire consisting of 21 questions (demographics 5, knowledge 6, attitude 6, and preparedness 4) was administered to 900 healthcare students at different years of study. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used. Results Out of the 900 students approached, 852 (94.7%) completed the questionnaire. The overall students’ mean (SD) percentage knowledge score (PKS) was poor [46.7% (18.7)]. The mean (SD) attitude and preparedness scores for all students were 4.68 (1.32), and 1.9 (1.40), respectively, indicating overall positive attitudes, but low preparedness to apply PGx to clinical care. Pharm-D students’ overall PKS was significantly higher than medical students (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in terms of attitude and preparedness scores. Interestingly, as the year of study increased, the knowledge scores increased as well, with 6th-year students had the highest knowledge scores, while preparedness in applying PGx was higher among the junior students (the 3rd and 4th year of study). Conclusion Pharm-D and medical students have inadequate knowledge and low preparedness despite the overall positive attitude towards PGx. There is a need to raise knowledge and to enhance the level of preparedness of medical and Pharm-D students towards PGx and its applications in clinical practice.

A review of pharmacogenomics studies assessing the knowledge and attitudes of physicians and pharmacists across the Arab and Middle Eastern Region

“…45 As compared to Jordan, medical and pharm-D students showed similar pattern in terms of insufficient PGx knowledge as well as low preparedness levels to conduct these tests while maintaining overall positive attitudes. 46 In agreement to the above studies, medical students in the United States (US), stated that only 29.8% of them had covered a genetic course, and those who took a genetic course were found to be more likely to be confident and comfortable to deal and answer questions related to PGx. 47 Similar outcomes were documented across the health professional who are involved in practice in UAE in regard to their interest and attitudes.…”

“…The overall percentage knowledge score was poor with a score of 46.7%. 46 In Syria, a recent study evaluated physicians and pharmacist's knowledge concerning PGx. Years of experience had no impact on the knowledge levels between both groups.…”

Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward pharmacogenomics among pharmacists and pharmacy students: A systematic review

“…In comparison, most studies with pharmacy students found a good or fair level of knowledge among most participants. 69 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 Some studies only reported self‐assessed (subjective) knowledge of PGx, which was generally reported as “low.” However, self‐assessed knowledge did not always correlate with actual expertise in studies that assessed both. 37 While many studies did not report data on “biological sex,” one study noted a difference in the knowledge level of pharmacy students between males and females.…”

“…In comparison, most studies with pharmacy students found a good or fair level of knowledge among most participants. 69,73,74,[76][77][78][79][80][81] Some studies only reported self-assessed (subjective) knowledge of PGx, which was generally reported as "low." However, self-assessed knowledge did not always correlate with actual expertise in studies that assessed both.…”

Pharmacy Student Perceptions of a Virtual Pharmacogenomics Activity

“…In a survey of health sciences and other university students, Siamoglou and colleagues found that the students held positive attitudes towards PGx and its benefits on disease management, drug efficacy, and reduction of adverse effects [ 12 ]. Zawiah and colleagues found strong support from pharmacy and medical students of PGx testing to help to decrease adverse events, optimize drug dosing and improve drug efficacy [ 13 ]. The majority of these students did not agree that they were competent to discuss PGx information with other providers, or that they could accurately apply PGx test results.…”