Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in broiler breeder chickens

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of levamisole was studied in 20 broiler breeder chickens (chickens that give eggs to breed broilers). A single dose of levamisole (40 mg/kg) was administered orally or intravenously to chickens before the onset of egg production, prelay (age = 22 weeks), and repeated at the peak of egg production (age = 32 weeks). A high-pressure liquid chromatographic with ultraviolet detection method (HPLC-UV) was used for quantification of levamisole in plasma. Using compartmental analysis, levamisole followed a three-compartmental open model with mean values of alpha = 0.1224 and 0.4968, beta = 0.01663 and 0.01813, gamma = 0.002 and 0.002/min at the prelay and at the peak of egg production periods, respectively. The mean values for volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)), determined by compartmental analysis, were significantly different for prelay and peak of egg production (8.358 and 13.581 mL/kg), respectively.

Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in the red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)

“…No local or systemic adverse effect was observed following IV, IM, and SC administrations of levamisole at a dose of 10 mg/kg in red-eared slider turtles. Levamisole had no adverse effect at a dose of 40 mg/kg in chickens (El-Kholy et al, 2006) and at a dose of 5-10 mg/kg in ewes (Galtier, Escoula, Camguilhem, & Alvinerie, 1981). However, adverse effects, such as short-term (3-10 min) hyperexcitability, tremors, and deep respiratory movements, were observed following IV and IM administrations at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg in goats (Galtier et al, 1981;Sahagún et al, 2000).…”

“…The mean t 1/2 ʎz , V dss, and Cl T after IV administration of levamisole in red‐eared slider turtles were 5.0 hr, 0.81 L/kg, and 0.14 L hr −1 kg −1 , respectively. The mean t 1/2 ʎz , V dss, and Cl T of levamisole ranged from 0.96 to 2.34 hr, 2.14–13.6 L/kg, and 2.36–4.24 L hr −1 kg −1 in some mammalian and avian species, respectively (El‐Kholy et al., ; Fernández et al., ; García, Diez, Sierra, & Terán, ; Sahagún et al., ; Villanueva et al., ). These values indicate that levamisole has long t 1/2 ʎz , low V dss, and slow Cl T in red‐eared slider turtles.…”

“…Levamisole can be used as an antinematodal agent in turtles (Flanagan, ; Lafebre, Martelli, & Murray, ). Although literature review revealed pharmacokinetic studies on the use of levamisole in rabbits (García, Diez, Sierra, & Terán, ; Villanueva et al., ), sheep (Fernández, García, Sierra, Diez, & Terán, ), goats (Sahagún et al., ), broiler chickens (El‐Kholy, Kemppainen, Ravis, & Hoerr, ), and fish (Zanon, Cerozi, Silva, & Cyrino, ), no study was found on its use in reptiles, including turtles. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of levamisole following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at a dose of 10 mg/kg in red‐eared slider turtles.…”

Pharmacokinetic of levamisole in speckled surubimPseudoplatystoma corruscans

“…and 5.44 h (oral) (Fernández et al ., ); for goats t 1/2β = 1.44 h (oral) (Sahagún et al ., ); for swine, 9.3 and 6.9 h after oral and i.m. administration, respectively (Galtier et al ., ); for chicken, 5.7 h (El‐Kholy et al ., ); and for human; between 4.26 and 6 h (Luyckx et al ., ; Koussi et al ., ; Reid et al ., ). On the other hand, for rabbits, t 1/2β recorded were 1.42 h (Villanueva et al ., ) and 0.97 h (García et al ., ).…”

Enhancement of immune response for Newcastle disease vaccine using a combined adjuvant solution of Astragalus polysaccharides, levamisole, and selenoprotein

“…Since Berenshtein (21) first reported the potential effects of Se on animal humoral immunity, numerous investigations have demonstrated that Se plus vaccines increased immune system activation in poultry (22,23). In addition, LMS as an adjuvant was also confirmed to increase the antibody titer in chickens (24). In this study, we found that at all of the analyzed time points, serum IgG levels in chickens injected with the vaccine reconstituted with the combined solution of APS + Se + LMS were significantly higher than those in the control group.…”