Pharmacologic Advances in Canine and Feline Reproduction

Abstract

Substantial improvements in therapeutic options for companion animal reproduction and gynecologic emergencies have been made over the last decade. New, alternative drug treatments, with fewer side effects and improved efficacy, are available. This has widened the spectrum of therapeutic possibilities for diseases that were previously treated only by surgical intervention. New drugs are available for estrus induction and pregnancy termination, as well as for the treatment of pyometra. This review summarizes the pharmacology and toxicology of reproductive agents currently in use for contraception, pyometra, dystocia, eclampsia, premature labor, agalactia, mastitis, metritis, and prostatic disorders, and compares their efficacy and safety with newer agents. Drug use and exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and subsequent risks to the fetuses, are also explored, with emphasis on antimicrobials, antifungals, anthelminthics, anesthetics, and vaccinations.

Evaluation of the contraceptive effects of carprofen, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam in rats

“…All animals in the control group became pregnant (Table 2). Cox inhibitors are emerging as a new option since these drugs are both inexpensive as well as widely available (Gobello 2006;Wiebe and Howard 2009;Goericke-Pesch 2010). We, therefore, set out to investigate the contraceptive effects of flunixin meglumine, carprofen and meloxicam.…”

“…Cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) inhibitors are non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); the contraceptive effects of COX inhibitors have recently been discovered (Eilts 2002;Jewgenow et al 2006;Wiebe and Howard 2009;Goericke-Pesch 2010). The inhibition of the COX enzymes prevents the formation of prostaglandins that cause pain and fever.…”

Methods of prolonging a pregnancy threatened with preterm labour

“…Można podawać olejowe roztwory progesteronu w dawce 2-3 mg/kg co 24-48 godzin, aby utrzymać stężenie w surowicy 10 ng/ml. Suplementację należy przerwać 2-3 dni przed porodem, by umożliwić jego normalny przebieg (50). U psów i kotów stosuje się progesteron i jego pochodne (gestageny) w celu zapobiegania poronieniu, zwłaszcza w tych przypadkach, kiedy niedobór endogennego hormonu jest uważany za główną przyczynę potencjalnej utraty ciąży.…”

“…U psów i kotów może być użyta terbutalina w dawce 0,01 mg/kg. Częstotliwość iniekcji zwiększa się w zależności od skuteczności, do maksymalnie 4 razy na dobę, z jednoczesną kontrolą ubocznych skutków sercowo--naczyniowych; możliwe są: arytmia, obrzęk płuc i hipokaliemia (50). W drugiej połowie ciąży można monitorować czynność skurczową macicy za pomocą tokodynamometrii, zwłaszcza w przypadku ryzyka przedwczesnego porodu, np.…”

Reproductive emergencies in the bitch: a retrospective study

“…It has been suggested that 60 to 80% of bitches with dystocia will require cesarean section (Jutkowitz, 2005). Prior to recommending cesarean section, medical management of dystocia can be attempted using ecbolic agents, when obstructive causes are excluded (Jutkowitz, 2005;Linde-Forsberg, 2005;Pretzer, 2008b;Kutzler, 2009;Wiebe, 2009). However, the success rate of medical management of dystocia has been reported to be poor, ranging between 20 and 40% (Jutkowitz, 2005).…”