Pharmacological and Psychological Effects of Caffeine Ingestion in 40-km Cycling Performance

Foad, A.; Beedie, Chris; Coleman, D. A.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181593e02

Cited by 82 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Another study showed that it is possible to modulate the subject expectations, according a dose-response paradigm (39). Similar placebo effects were found in other studies (38,132,230,232). Interestingly, if an athlete holds negative beliefs about the ergogenic aid just received, a nocebo effect may occur so that the following performance drops as well (37,261).…”

Section: Moving From the Clinical Setting To Physical Performancesupporting

confidence: 65%

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Benedetti

2013

Physiological Reviews

356

320

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Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can treat and prevent a number of diseases through pharmacology, genetics, and physical interventions. Besides this materia medica, the patient's mind, cognitions, and emotions play a central part as well in any therapeutic outcome, as investigated by disciplines such as psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology. This review describes recent findings that give scientific evidence to the old tenet that patients must be both cured and cared for. In fact, we are today in a good position to investigate complex psychological factors, like placebo effects and the doctor-patient relationship, by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach. These intricate psychological factors can be approached through biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology, thus eliminating the old dichotomy between biology and psychology. This is both a biomedical and a philosophical enterprise that is changing the way we approach and interpret medicine and human biology. In the first case, curing the disease only is not sufficient, and care of the patient is of tantamount importance. In the second case, the philosophical debate about the mind-body interaction can find some important answers in the study of placebo effects. Therefore, maybe paradoxically, the placebo effect and the doctor-patient relationship can be approached by using the same biochemical, cellular and physiological tools of the materia medica, which represents an epochal transition from general concepts such as suggestibility and power of mind to a true physiology of the doctor-patient interaction. I.WHAT I. WHAT IS A PLACEBO RESPONSE? A. Placebos Were Introduced to Validate the Efficacy of Medical TreatmentsAncient physicians have always used bizarre and odd treatments to cure their patients, with scarce, if any, knowledge of anatomy and physiology. As the anatomical and physiological details of both the animal and the human body started emerging, the need of a scientific explanation of many medical treatments became an imperative objective of physicians and the scientific community. An important historical period whereby scientific skepticism emerged about the efficacy of some medical remedies is approximately in the second half of 1700 and involved treatments like mesmerism, perkinism, and homeopathy (178).To take mesmerism as an example, this was introduced in the second half of 1700 by Franz Anton Mesmer, who claimed to have discovered a healing fluid which he called animal magnetism. To assess the very nature and the efficacy of mesmerism in treating many diseases and symptoms, Louis XVI appointed a commission that was headed by Benjamin Franklin. This commission performed what can be considered one of the first blind assessments and sham (placebo) interventions in the history of medicine. Some women were blindfolded and asked where the mesmeric energy was being applied. As reported by the members of the commission th...

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Section: Moving From the Clinical Setting To Physical Performancesupporting

confidence: 65%

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Benedetti

2013

Physiological Reviews

356

320

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“…Importantly, caffeine can reduce perception of effort and exercise-induced muscle pain even at relatively low doses [38] and in habitual high caffeine consumers [39]. We should also consider that, in real-life applications, the efficacy of caffeine would be enhanced by its placebo effect [40] and associated changes in motorrelated cortical activity [41]. In addition to these positive psychobiological effects, caffeine can also create a greater energy deficit after exercise [37] thus helping with the prevention and treatment of obesity.…”

Section: Caffeine and Other Psychoactive Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Doping be a Good Thing? Using Psychoactive Drugs to Facilitate Physical Activity Behaviour

Marcora

2015

Sports Med

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“…There are also, many speculative anecdotal examples of what may be legitimate placebo effects (12). Expectations of substance-specific effects seem to trigger many physiological and psychological reactions (30), independent of the substance given (22,29,63). Within this type of expectancy manipulation, the deception element of the methodology is known, with the participant's acknowledgement prior to the investigation, of a substance's possible effects.…”

Section: Placebosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deception Studies Manipulating Centrally Acting Performance Modifiers

Williams

Jones

Sparks

et al. 2014

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Athletes anticipatorily set, and continuously adjust pacing strategies prior to and during events, in order to produce optimal performance. Self-regulation ensures maximal effort is exerted in correspondence with the endpoint of exercise, whilst preventing physiological changes that are detrimental and disruptive to homeostatic control. The integration of feedforward and feedback information, together with the proposed brain's performance modifiers, are said to be fundamental to this anticipatory and continuous regulation of exercise.Manipulation of central, regulatory internal and external stimuli has been a key focus within deception research, attempting to influence the self-regulation of exercise and induce improvements in performance. Methods of manipulating performance modifiers such as unknown task endpoint, deceived duration or intensity feedback, self-belief or previous experience creates a challenge within research, as although they contextualise theoretical propositions, there are few ecological and practical approaches which integrate theory with practice. Additionally the different methods and measures demonstrated in manipulation studies have produced inconsistent results. This review examines and critically evaluates the current methods of how specific centrally-controlled performance modifiers have been manipulated, within previous deception studies. From the 31 studies reviewed, 10 reported positive effects on performance, encouraging future investigations to explore the mechanisms responsible for influencing pacing, and consequently how deceptive approaches can further facilitate performance. The review acts to discuss the use of expectation manipulation not only to examine which methods of deception are successful in facilitating performance, but also to understand further the key components used in the regulation of exercise and performance.

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Pharmacological and Psychological Effects of Caffeine Ingestion in 40-km Cycling Performance

Abstract: Our data support the ergogenic efficacy of caffeine but suggest that both positive and negative expectations impact performance.

Cited by 82 publications

References 19 publications

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Can Doping be a Good Thing? Using Psychoactive Drugs to Facilitate Physical Activity Behaviour

Deception Studies Manipulating Centrally Acting Performance Modifiers

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