Pharmacotherapy exposure as a marker of disease complexity in bipolar disorder: Associations with clinical & genetic risk factors

Pharmacogenomic overlap between antidepressant treatment response in major depression & antidepressant associated treatment emergent mania in bipolar disorder

“…Polygenic scores (PGS) have become frequently used to examine how an individual’s genetic loading, computed from a combination of genetic variants, could predict risk to disease or clinical outcomes [ 9 ]. Specifically, a PGS is a weighted sum of a person’s alleles, creating a metric score used for risk quantification [ 10 ], diagnosis [ 11 ], or treatment response prediction [ 12 , 13 ]. For example, studies focusing on treatment response have shown that a high genetic loading for schizophrenia or MDD in people with BD will decrease their response to lithium [ 14 , 15 ].…”