Pharmacovigilance in Geriatrics

Abstract

Pharmacovigilance has gained significant importance with increased number of drugs molecules entering the market and the increase in the number of drug recalls due to the involvement of high health risks incident. It has become a critical phase in clinical development program to improve patient care and safety in relation to the use of medicines and also all medical and paramedical interventions. It also contributes to the assessment of benefits, harm, effectiveness and risk of medicines and encouraging their safe, rational and more effective drug use. India rates below 1 % in pharmacovigilance as against the world rate of 5 %, where pharmacovigilance is a fundamental driving principle in safeguarding public health. Due to the high profile issues with drug safety have highlighted the need not only to improve post marketing pharmacovigilance but also to identify drug candidates with good safety or benefit profiles. There are many challenges and barriers in the pharmacovigilance process which are from health professional like lack of training or awareness, due to self medication from patients, counterfeit drugs etc. which could be overcome by monitoring each patient using certain drug during the treatment by follow ups and emphasize on medication reconciliation during periods of care transition, including admission and discharge and subsequent follow up in the ambulatory settings.

Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…Both LOD and LOQ values confirmed the sensitivity of the proposed procedure which can be hence recommended for the trace determinationo fF lu and Irino drugsi nb iological fluids. Theo btained LOD value for the anticancer drug Flu (1.55 10 À8 M) usingS WCASV at aP GE is substantially lower as compared with data reported previously at polymer film modified carbonp aste electrodes (1.81 10 À7 M) [41],ahangingm ercury drop electrode (1.90 10 À7 Ma nd 8.7 10 À8 M) [39],s pectrophotometric method (1.04 10 À6 Ma nd 4.77 10 À7 M) [32] and af low injection UV spectroscopy (4.34 10 À7 M) [33]. An improved detection limit was also achieved for the determination of the anticancer drug Irino (1.68 10 À9 M) at aP GE using the proposed procedure as compared with that obtained by HPLC( 2.41 10 À8 M) [20] and at polymethyleneb lue multiwalledc arbonn anotubesm odified glassy carbon electrode (2.14 10 À7 M) [43].I no rder to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the proposed method analysiso fF lu and Irino drugs at three levels of low,m oderate and high concentrations of the calibration curve was carried out in seven independent series at the same day (intra-day) and performed at the samel evel on seven different days (inter-day).…”

“…In this context methods reporting the determinationo fFlu and Irino include chromatography ,s pectrophotometry [31][32][33][34][35],s pectrofluorimetry [36] and few electrochemical methods [37][38][39][40][41][42][43].P olarographicr eduction of Flu was performed at ad ropping mercurye lectrode usingd irect currentp olarographya nd differential pulse polarography [37,38,40].L inear sweep and square waveforms were optimized for the determination of Flu based on the reduction of its nitro aromatic moiety at the hanging mercury drop electrode [39].D etermination of Flu ins urfactant containingm edia at polymer filmm odified carbon paste electrodes usingd ifferential pulsev oltammetryw as reported [41].E lectroanalytical determination of Irino was achieved using fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry at gold microelectrodes in aflow system [42].V oltammetric determination of Irino at polymethylene blue multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbone lectrode was reported as well [43].T ot he best of our knowledge,t he controlled adsorptive accumulationo fF lu or Irino on the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) for square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping determinationw as not reported yet. In view of the biological importance of Flu and Irino, this work aims on the development of as imple and sensiAbstract:Asensitive electrochemical method based on square wave cathodic adsorptive strippingv oltammetry (SWCASV) using pencil graphite electrodes( PGE)w as developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of the anticancer drugs flutamide( Flu)a nd irinotecan (Irino) in biological fluids.C alibration curves showed an excellent linear response with limitso fd etection of 1.68 10 À9 and 1.55 10 À8 MI rino and Flu,r espectively.…”

Drug usage pattern of anti-hypertensive drugs in elderly diabetic, hypertensive in-patients with or without impaired renal function in a tertiary care hospital

“…1 Elderly population in India is increasing rapidly and is expected to increase to 12.4% in the year 2026 from 5.6% in the year 1961, almost double, due to increase in the life expectancy from 32 years at the time of independence to 66.8 years in the year 2011. 2 Increase in the elderly population is also increasing the concern for their health care needs because they are constantly being crippled with chronic illness and co-morbidities. Diagnosis and treatment in the elderly patients is a challenge because they have a different physiology and physiological response to the disease and the treatment.…”

Selective spectrofluorimetric method for determination of Lisinopril in pharmaceutical preparations and in presence of hydrochlorothiazide: Application to content uniformity testing

“…These methods include spectrophotometric [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] spectrofluorimetric, [9][10][11][12][13] polarographic, [2] chromatographic, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] capillary electrophoretic [23][24][25][26] and immunoassay [27] methods.…”

“…However, The chromatographic methods using ultraviolet (UV) light detection provide low sensitivity [19][20][21] while the others use highly expensive detectors. [14,17] Both chromatographic and electrophoretic methods require expensive and sophisticated instruments and large volumes of highly pure organic solvents.…”