Pharmacy education and workforce: strategic recommendations based on expert consensus in Lebanon

Hajj, Aline; Zeenny, Rony M.; Sacre, Hala; Akel, Marwan; Haddad, Chadia; Salameh, Pascale

doi:10.1186/s40545-022-00510-3

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Two facts could explain this findings: either that modern pharmacy curricula are vehiculating leadership and management competencies in a way that undergraduate students are as competent as graduates with higher education or that students overestimated their competency in this domain. The first explanation could be justified by the current accreditation of all pharmacy programs in Lebanon [ 17 ], while the second can be related to a differential information bias. Further studies are necessary to further depict these findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 415 Lebanese pharmacists and fifth-year pharmacy students (undergraduates) working in different pharmacy sectors across Lebanon from August 2021 through October 2021. It should be noted that in Lebanon, fifth-year pharmacy students are allowed to work, because, at that time, they would have already completed the 12-month internship required by the Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, the official pharmacists’ association [ 17 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association of management and leadership competencies with work satisfaction among pharmacists in Lebanon

Lama

Hala²,

Haddad

et al. 2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background Pharmacists are at the core of the healthcare system and are the most accessible healthcare professionals. Their new roles involve leadership skills, among others. Work satisfaction of pharmacists might affect the quality of the services they provide. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the management/leadership skills and work satisfaction of pharmacists and working pharmacy students. The secondary objective was to establish the relationship between management/leadership competencies and work satisfaction. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 415 Lebanese pharmacists and fifth-year pharmacy students (undergraduates) working in different pharmacy sectors across Lebanon from August 2021 through October 2021 using the snowball sampling technique and validated tools to assess management/leadership competencies and work satisfaction. Results Management/leadership competencies were significantly correlated with work satisfaction (B = 0.288) and inversely associated with being engaged/married (B = − 2.825) and living outside Beirut or Mount Lebanon (B = − 1.873). Pharmacy students did not significantly differ in their leadership/management level from graduate pharmacists. Work satisfaction was significantly associated with management/leadership competencies (B = 0.062) and inversely related to education level (B = − 0.644). Conclusions Pharmacists’ work satisfaction and management/leadership competencies are interrelated, although the level of satisfaction seemed lower than the declared level of competencies. These concepts are differentially affected by personal and work-related characteristics. More efforts should be exerted to improve both the satisfaction and management/leadership competencies of pharmacists in Lebanon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of management and leadership competencies with work satisfaction among pharmacists in Lebanon

Lama

Hala²,

Haddad

et al. 2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These results suggest a mismatch between what is taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels and the needs in actual practice, confirming previous findings among pharmacists from different professional sectors in Lebanon [ 23 , 36 ]. This discrepancy described in the literature triggered a reflection on studies and strategies to counter this issue and reduce the gap between formal education and job market needs [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialized competency framework for pharmacists in managerial positions in sales and marketing (SCF-PMSM): development, validation, and correlates

Sacre,

Aoun,

Haddad

et al. 2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background Pharmacists in sales and marketing roles need specific skills for managerial positions, and a framework for evaluating and developing these competencies is necessary. Currently, no such framework is known to exist. Objective This study aimed to develop and validate a specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing managerial positions and assess correlates related to the competency domains. Methods This web-based study carried out between March and October 2022 enrolled a convenient sample of 60 pharmacists with managerial positions in sales and marketing, contacted by phone, working in the field of sales and marketing from the five governorates of Lebanon (Beirut, Beqaa, Mount Lebanon, South, and North). Results The framework demonstrated good construct and structural validity in all domains except for emergency preparedness, which had a low correlation with other domains. Competencies were well correlated with respective domains, and behaviors had excellent loadings on corresponding competencies. As for the correlates of the competency domains, males were more confident than females (p < .05), and participants with more experience (or heavier workload) reported higher competency levels (p < .05), particularly for upper management skills, communication skills, and professional practice. Further, education level was not significantly correlated with declared competency, with experience being the most cited source of competence (68.25%), followed by postgraduate degrees (42.48%) and continuing education sessions (33.93%), while undergraduate education was the least reported (29.5%). Conclusion This study could develop and validate the Specialized Competency Framework for Pharmacists in Managerial Positions in Sales and Marketing (SCF-PMSM) among a sample of Lebanese pharmacists. This framework demonstrated good reliability, content, construct, and structural validity in all the domains, with the competencies being well correlated with their respective domains and behaviors having excellent loadings on related competencies, except for emergency preparedness and response. It also revealed a mismatch between what is taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels and the needs in practice.

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“…Only English-speaking health system pharmacists, defined as either hospital pharmacists, clinical pharmacists, or pharmacy residents with at least one year of work experience at hospitals in Mount Lebanon and Beirut were included. The English version was used as the majority of pharmacy schools in Lebanon use English as the medical language [ 22 ]. Also most health care professionals in Lebanon are either trilingual or bilingual in Arabic, English and French [ 23 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burnout and coping strategies among health system pharmacists in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study

Abilmona

Dimassi

Aboulhosn

et al. 2023

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background Burnout in health system pharmacists has been studied in several countries. To date, no data exists on burnout among healthsystem pharmacists in Lebanon. This study aimed to determine the prevalance of burnout, identify factors and describe coping strategies related to burnout among healthsystem pharmacists in Lebanon. Methods A cross-sectional study utilizing the Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS (MP))was conducted in Lebanon. A convenience sample of hospital pharmacists in Mount Lebanon and Beirut area filled a paper-based survey in person or via a phone interview. Burnout was defined as having an emotional exhaustion score ≥ 27 and/or depersonalization score ≥ 10. To identify factors associated with burnout, the survey also contained questions on socio-demographic characteristics, professional status, hospital characteristics, professional stressors and professional satisfaction. Participants were also asked about their coping strategies. To adjust for potential confounding, a multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios of factors and coping strategies associated with burnout. The authors also evaluated burnout according to the broader definition, emotional exhaustion score ≥ 27 or depersonalization score ≥ 10 or low personal accomplishment ≤ 33. Results Of the 153 health system pharmacists who were contacted, 115 filled the survey (response rate of 75.1%). The overall burnout prevalence reported was n = 50 (43.5%) and was largely driven by high emotional exhaustion n = 41(36.9%). Following multivariate logistic regression, seven factors were associated with increased burnout: older age, B.S. in Pharmacy degree, involvement in student training, no involvement in procurement, divided attention at work, overall dissatisfaction with career, dissatisfaction to neutrality with balance between professional and personal life. Low personal accomplishment was noted in n = 55 (49.5%). The main coping strategies identified were holidays, leisure, hobbies, sports activities, and relaxation. There was no association between the coping strategies used and burnout. The prevalence of burnout according to the broader definition was n = 77 (67%). The factors associated with the broader definition of burnout were older age, overall dissatisfaction with career and dissatisfaction with work life balance. Conclusion Approximately n = 50(43.5%)of health system pharmacists in Lebanon may be at risk for burnout. If using broader definitions incorporating all three subscales of the (MBI-HSS (MP)), the prevalence of burnout was n = 77(67%). This study highlights the need to advocate for pratice reforms to improve the low personal acoomplishment and recommends strategies to mitigate burnout. Further research to assess the current prevalence of burnout and evaluate effective interventions in alleviating burnout amongst health system pharmacists is needed.

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Pharmacy education and workforce: strategic recommendations based on expert consensus in Lebanon

Cited by 8 publications

References 66 publications

The association of management and leadership competencies with work satisfaction among pharmacists in Lebanon

The association of management and leadership competencies with work satisfaction among pharmacists in Lebanon

Specialized competency framework for pharmacists in managerial positions in sales and marketing (SCF-PMSM): development, validation, and correlates

Burnout and coping strategies among health system pharmacists in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study

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