Pharmacy Practice and Education in Romania

Sandulovici, Roxana; Mircioiu, Constantin; Rais, Cristina; Atkinson, Jeffrey

doi:10.3390/pharmacy6010005

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Concerning demographic characteristics of participants, mostly were female, which is influenced by two important aspects: 1) in Romania the vast majority of pharmacists are female (Sandulovici et al, 2018) and 2) females seem to be more receptive towards surveys (Smith and San, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, most pharmacists worked in community pharmacies, from urban areas. It was expected to receive the most responses from community pharmacists as in Romania, most pharmacists work in community pharmacies, whereas hospital and clinical pharmacists represent a very small proportion of pharmacists (Sandulovici et al, 2018). Most responses were received from pharmacists registered in Moldova, Muntenia and Transylvania, which are the main three regions of Romania, with the highest population density and also highest proportion of registered pharmacists (Sandulovici et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerning geographical regions, respondents in Muntenia and Transylvania presented with the highest knowledge scores probably due to the proximity of three of the biggest Faculties of Pharmacy (Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and Târgu Mureș), as most pharmacists tend to start working in pharmacies in or close to the university center where they had studied (Sandulovici et al, 2018). We hypothesized that by working in the proximity of the academic center, pharmacists are better informed and more motivated to invest in their professional development and to be actively involved in research studies, to ensure that they provide optimal patient care, given that the three academic centers are also the most important medical centers in the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nation-Wide Survey Assessing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Romanian Pharmacists Concerning Pharmacogenetics

et al. 2022

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Background: Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is an important component of personalized medicine that has the potential to improve medicines’ effectiveness and safety. However, despite progress in technology and availability, PGx testing application into patient-care in Eastern Europe countries, has been slow.Objectives: Our aim was to describe knowledge and attitudes of Romanian pharmacists concerning PGx, and identify potential factors limiting PGx implementation.Method: An anonymous, web-based questionnaire was distributed to Romanian pharmacists registered in the National Pharmacists’ Association (NPA) via an official e-mail sent by NPA representatives.Results: A total of 1,058 pharmacists completed the questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 7.6%. Pharmacists were predominantly female (90.1%), younger than 49 years (87.5%) and mostly worked in community pharmacies (80.2%). Most pharmacists (64.8%) had a knowledge score between 30 and 49 points out of 60, and (75.4%) had attitude scores between 9 and 7 out of 10. Attitude and knowledge scores positively correlated.Conclusion: Despite performing fairly well on general questions regarding PGx, Romanian pharmacists may lack in-depth knowledge, which can affect their readiness to discuss PGx information with patients or other healthcare professionals. High pricing was considered an important impediment in PGx implementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nation-Wide Survey Assessing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Romanian Pharmacists Concerning Pharmacogenetics

et al. 2022

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“… Reports from international organizations, such as the WHO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU), the European Commission (EC), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) among others. Existent literature that reviews several aspects of the regulatory framework that might have an impact on OTC medicines (e.g., [ 1 , 2 , 19 , 20 ]), mainly retrieved from PubMed and Scopus. Produce a summary for each country.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative classification of OTC medicines regulations in 30 European countries: dispensing restrictions, distribution, pharmacy ownership, and pricing systems

Vila

Buts

Jegers

2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background This paper reviews the regulations of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines in 30 European countries with the goal of identifying the regulatory trends and clusters as of May 2022. Methods To that end, we reviewed the regulation that directly or indirectly might have an impact on OTC medicines. The data were gathered from the national legislation, reports from international organizations, and the existent literature. The 12 regulatory items obtained were classified into four categories: price, pharmacy ownership, distribution modes, and dispensing restrictions. In addition, these items were also employed in the cluster analysis. Results Pharmacy ownership is mainly private, and in the majority of countries, OTC medicines are not subject to any pricing system. Almost every country studied allows online selling of OTC medicines, and 16 countries allow non-pharmacy retail to sell OTC medicines as well. The dispensing restrictions applicable in pharmacy retail are similar in the countries studied: they rely on the staff, OTC medicines are placed behind the counter and the doses dispensed tend to be restricted. Concerning non-pharmacy retail, additional dispensing restrictions might be imposed, such as the establishment of buyers’ minimum age, the requirement of a pharmacist to supervise the operations, a regulation on the location in the store, and further restrictions on the package sizes, strength, or pharmaceutical form. The cluster analysis resulted in an initial division between countries that widely allow the sale of OTC medicines in non-pharmacy retail and countries, where pharmacy retail has an OTC monopoly. Based on the regulations, 7 subsequent groups were identified evidencing wide regulatory heterogeneity within the countries studied. Conclusions Our findings point out that OTC medicines are in general not subject to pricing systems, selling is allowed online, and ownership of pharmacies is mostly private. However, regarding dispensing restrictions, pharmacy chains, and establishment restrictions of pharmacies, we found heterogeneity that is also visible in our cluster analysis, since we identified 7 clusters.

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“…A framework of different Romanian legislative acts was reviewed to identify the pharmacist's professional obligations in 2021. "The legislation includes a general law on health [15,17], complemented by a law concerning the pharmacists' profession [19] and a number of secondary regulations defined by the Ministry of Health through several Orders [46] or by the Regulatory Body (such as the Code of Conduct [40])" [49].…”

Section: Pharmacists' Professional Dutiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Legal Responsibility in Romanian Pharmaceutical Practice

BÎRSANU¹

2022

FARMACIA

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By law, doctors and pharmacists may be held liable for professional misconduct. The pharmacist's roles and responsibilities have been expanding in patient care, particularly in times of COVID-19 pandemic and now they may perform a diverse range of professional activities as attested by the newly adopted legislation, Minister of Health's Order no. 2382/2021. However, pharmacist malpractice is different than medical malpractice because pharmacists' responsibility is based on pharmacist professional standards and legal duties. Despite the existence of overlaps, there are differences between the doctors' and the pharmacists' professional duties. Our study identified ten main legal professional duties of pharmacists and provided examples of negligence. The results could be used as a tool for malpractice risk assessment and management. We also argue that the Romanian legal framework allows malpractice claims to be filed by both the patient and/or the doctors when shared accountability is involved and this increases the pharmacists' risk of being sued. Moreover, the chief pharmacist is responsible for the pharmacy's overall activity, including liability for tasks entrusted to subordinated personnel. RezumatÎn conformitate cu legea, medicii si farmaciștii pot fi răspunzători pentru comportament profesional necorespunzător. Rolurile și responsabilitățile farmaciștilor s-au extins, în special în perioada pandemiei COVID-19, aceștia putând să desfășoare, în prezent, activități profesionale diversificate, așa cum rezultă din legislația adoptată recent, Ordinul Ministerului Sănătății nr. 2382/2021. Cu toate acestea, malpraxisul farmaceutic este diferit de cel medical, pentru că răspunderea farmaciștilor este evaluată în funcție de standarde profesionale și responsabilități legale specifice farmaciștilor. Deși există suprapuneri, responsabilitățile profesionale ale medicilor și farmaciștilor sunt, în general, diferite. Studiul nostru a identificat zece responsabilități profesionale principale ale farmaciștilor și exemple de neîndeplinire a acestora. Am arătat, de asemenea, că acuzațiile de malpraxis pot fi inițiate atât de pacient, cât și de doctor atunci când responsabilitatea este divizată între acesta și farmacist, iar acest lucru crește riscul formulării acuzațiilor de malpraxis împotriva farmaciștilor. Nu în ultimul rând, farmacistul șef răspunde pentru întreaga activitate la nivelul farmaciei, incluzând și responsabilitatea pentru sarcinile delegate personalului subordonat.

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Pharmacy Practice and Education in Romania

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Nation-Wide Survey Assessing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Romanian Pharmacists Concerning Pharmacogenetics

Nation-Wide Survey Assessing the Knowledge and Attitudes of Romanian Pharmacists Concerning Pharmacogenetics

A quantitative classification of OTC medicines regulations in 30 European countries: dispensing restrictions, distribution, pharmacy ownership, and pricing systems

Assessing Legal Responsibility in Romanian Pharmaceutical Practice

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