Phase Behavior of the Bilayers Containing Hydrogenated Soy Lecithin and β-Sitosteryl Sulfate

Abstract

The phase behaviors of systems containing saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) and plant steroids can be important for designing new alternative delivery methods. In our previous studies, we found that even a small amount of β-sitosteryl sulfate (PSO4) significantly affects the phase behavior, hydration properties, and liposomal properties of pure saturated phosphatidylcholines [KafleA. Kafle, A. Colloids Surf., B20181615966 KafleA. Kafle, A. J. Oleo Sci.20186715111519]. In the current paper, we are reporting the phase behavior of a more complex system consisting of hydrogenated soy lecithin (HLC), which is useful as a carrier in drug delivery systems or in cosmetics, and PSO4. HLC, which is composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), demonstrated a versatile phase behavior. The PC component of HLC was found to separate from the PE and PA components as a result of nonideal mixing. At room temperature, these two domains represented two distinct gel phases denoted Lβ1 and Lβ2. The Lβ1 phase selectively underwent transition into the liquid crystalline phase (Lα) at a lower temperature than Lβ2. Upon addition of PSO4, at room temperature, the PC fraction gradually converted into the liquid-ordered (Lo) phase, while the (PE + PA) fraction remained unaffected. When heated above 60 °C, the whole material converted into the liquid crystalline phase. The observed fluidizing effect of PSO4 on HLC can find applications in preparing vehicles for moisture or drugs in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.

RETRACTED: Liposomes: Structure, Biomedical Applications, and Stability Parameters With Emphasis on Cholesterol

“…Extrusion technique (Al-Remawi et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017) 1-Different pore size filters depending on the need --2-Producing LUV or nanoliposomes is based on the pore-size of the filters Sonication (Nasrabadi et al, 2016;Veneti et al, 2016;Yu and Tang, 2016) 1-The most widely used technique for the preparation and production of liposomes and nanoliposomes -1-Low internal volume/encapsulation efficiency2-Low ability to remove large molecules and metal pollution from the probe tip 2-One of the most straightforward techniques to size reduction and producing nano-liposomes 3-Probe sonication and bath sonication are the main techniques Microfluidization[ (Alizadeh et al, 2015;Yu et al, 2015;Davidson et al, 2016;Devrim et al, 2016;Saliba et al, 2016;Tabatabaei Mirakabad et al, 2016)] 1-This method is used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce liposomes and pharmaceutical emulsions 1-Possibility of producing a large volume of liposomes2-Ability to adjust the average size of the liposomes3-High efficiency (up to 70%) -2-A chamber of microfluidizer contains a divided pressure stream 3-Recruiting microfluidizer 4-without potentially toxic solvents Heating method (Mozafari, 2005;Mozafari et al, 2007;Panahi et al, 2017;Hadavi et al, 2020;Khosravi-Darani and Sheida Aarabi) 1-It can be used for nanoliposomal production 1-It does not have the disadvantage of other methods, such as: Not using toxic solvents like ethyl ether, containing methanol and chloroform2-Not using high pressures -2-Decreases the production time and cost on an industrial scale which has received much attention 3-Produce hollow micro-liposomes (HM-liposomes) that can be used as vectors in drug and gene transfer Freeze-drying (lyophilization) (Chen et al, 2010a;Franzé et al, 2018) 1-Based on removing water from products in the frozen state --2-This step takes place at very low pressures 3-This method can solve the long-term stability problem of the solvent 4-The uses of trehalose can help liposomes retain as much as 100% of their original contents, so trehalose (a carbohydrate) in this method can be used as a freeze protectant REV (Otake et al, 2001;Kafle et al, 2020) 1-A one-step method for producing liposomes that do not make any toxic organic solvent --2-This method can lead to the production of L.U.V.s with the diameters of 0.1-1.2 μm 3-Have a high ability to trap both watersoluble and oil-soluble substances Solvent dispersion method…”

Kerjasama Orangtua Dan Guru Untuk Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar Siswa Kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar

“…Keterlibatan orang tua merupakan strategi yang cukup efektif untuk menjamin keberhasilan akademis siswa. Selain itu, keterlibatan orang tua meningkatkan motivasi siswa, harga diri dan kemandirian yang membantu siswa sukses (Kafle et al, 2020). Berdasarkan Hasil wawancara terhadap kepala sekolah, guru, orangtua dan siswa menjelaskan tentang kesertaan orangtua kepada penguatan ketentuan sekolah.…”

Modulating edible-oleogels physical and functional characteristics by controlling their microstructure

“…When lecithin undergoes controlled hydrogenation, the double bonds in fatty acids are saturated, resulting in hydrogenated lecithin. Aside from a few studies on the phase behavior of hydrogenated lecithin in the presence of sitosteryl sulfate, 12 and stability and release performance of bioactive-enriched liposomes with varied hydrogenated lecithin content, 13 no study on the use of hydrogenated lecithin in oleogels has been undertaken.…”