Phase‐Locked Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers

Abstract

Synthesizers are used to generate frequencies with arbitrary resolution covering the frequency range from audio to millimeter‐wave. Today, simple frequency synthesizers consist of a variety of synthesizer chips, an external voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO), and a frequency standard. There are also combinations of techniques that I would like to refer to as “hybrid synthesizers.” They will be covered here.