“…• Combining first-principles with data-driven processing [25][26][27] • Causal models-based explanatory systems [7,16,17,[28][29][30][31] • Domain-specific knowledge engines [19,[32][33][34][35][36] Thus, I do not view AI methods as merely useful tools to extract patterns from large amounts of data, even though that benefit is very much there, but as a new knowledge modeling paradigm, the next natural evolutionary stage in the long history of developing formal methods -first applied math (i.e., differential and algebraic equations), then operations research (i.e., math programming), and now artificial intelligence. Conceptually, applied math models numerical relationships between variables and parameters, mathematical programming models relationships between constraints, and AI models relationships between symbolic variables and symbolic structures.…”