Phenolic allelochemicals released by Chenopodium murale affect the growth, nodulation and macromolecule content in chickpea and pea

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the residue of Chenopodium murale L. on growth, nodulation and macromolecule content of two legume crops, viz., Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) and Pisum sativum L. (pea). A significant reduction in root and shoot length as well as dry matter accumulation occurred when both the legumes were grown in the soil amended with 5, 10, 20 and 40 g residue kg -1 soil. In general, a gradual decline in growth was associated with an increasing amount of residues in the soil. There was also a significant reduction in total chlorophyll content and the amounts of protein and carbohydrates (macromolecules) in plants growing in the residueamended soil. The nodulation was completely absent in chickpea and pea when the plants were grown in the soil amended with 10 and 20 g residue kg -1 soil, respectively. At a lower rate of residue amendment (5 g kg -1 soil), a significant decline in nodule number and weight, and leghaemoglobin content was recorded. Root oxidizability, an indirect measure of tissue viability and cellular respiration, was adversely affected in both the legumes under various treatments of residue amendment. The observed growth reduction concomitant with increased proline accumulation indicated the presence of some inhibitory compounds in the residue-amended soil. It was rich in phenolics identified as protocatechuic, ferulic, p-coumaric and syringic acid with 12.8, 30.4, 20.2 and 33.6% relative content, respectively. The results suggest that the residue of C. murale releases phenolic allelochemicals, which deleteriously affect the growth, nodulation and macromolecule content of chickpea and pea.

Resistant Evaluation of Kiwifruit Rootstocks to Root Zone Hypoxia Stress

“…RMP was calculated with the formula: RMP = L 1 /L 2 × 100. RO was determined with the method of red triphenyl formazan formed through TTC reduction assay [31]. Chlorophyll was determined referring to Wintermans and Demots [32].…”

Evaluation of Herbicidal Potential of Essential Oils and their Components under In vitro and Greenhouse Experiments

“…In the greenhouse experiment, citral and geraniol completely suppressed the growth of all the tested 10 plants at 100 kg ha −1 natural, volatile and complex mixtures of terpenes in addition to some other non-terpene components as phenylpropanoids (Buchbauer, 2010). A number of studies have reported that the essential oils and their components are potent inhibitors of seed germination and retard plant growth (Batish et al, 2007;Kaur et al, 2010;Yun et al, 2013). In phytotoxic activity, plant cuticle is the first barrier for diffusing the active component into the leaf tissue.…”

“…The use of synthetic herbicides to control weeds is common and the most effective method. Although synthetic herbicides have showed promising results, the continuous use of synthetic herbicides produce negative impacts on human health and environment, and linked to increasing herbicidal resistance in weed species (Vyvyan, 2002;Batish et al, 2007). Thus, there is an important to search for environmentally safer and novel compounds with more effective, more specic targets for the management of weeds.…”

Differential allelopathic expression of different plant parts ofAchillea biebersteinii

“…However, allelopathic plants can also be affected negatively by their own allelochemicals, a process known as autointoxication [25]. Allelochemicals produced by plants are reported to interfere with the surrounding environment of other plants which in turn result in alteration in soil biotic factors such as soil microbial activity, or abiotic factors such as soil acidity and fertility, hence playing a significant role in agroecosystems [9,11,24].…”