Phenolic-based phosphorus flame retardants for polymeric materials

Howell, Bob A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90771-2.00001-8

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In the final stage of thermal decomposition, MRP starts to exert its flame-retardant effect, which works in concert with HL to raise the highest pyrolysis temperature. MRP may facilitate the generation of a pyknotic carbon layer on the asphalt surface at 450–550 °C . Also, the expansion rate of EG is as high as 80% at 600 °C, and a large amount of acid ions in the interlayer are released during the expansion .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRP may facilitate the generation of a pyknotic carbon layer on the asphalt surface at 450−550 °C. 18 Also, the expansion rate of EG is as high as 80% at 600 °C, and a large amount of acid ions in the interlayer are released during the expansion. 19 This further promotes the dehydration and carbonization of EG to generate graphite flakes, providing the carbon source for the expansion system and thus increasing the carbon residue rate.…”

Section: Flame-retardant and Smoke Suppression Modes Of Action Of Cfr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suppressing Actions of Inorganic Flame Retardants on the Pyrolysis Behavior of Asphalt

Wang,

Xia,

2023

Langmuir

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To understand the suppressing actions of inorganic compound flame retardant (CFR) on the pyrolysis behavior of asphalt, five halogen-free flame retardants, such as expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydrate, calcium hydroxide, and microencapsulated red phosphorus, were selected to match the pyrolysis temperature ranges of four asphalt components, respectively. The pyrolysis behaviors, volatile emissions, and pyrolysis residues from asphalt and CFR-modified asphalt (FR asphalt) were compared. Also, the effects of CFR on the microscopic morphology, microstructures, and micromechanical performance of asphalt were analyzed. The high-temperature stability of asphalt is increased by the presence of CFR, and there is a flame-retardant constituent in CFR that suppresses the pyrolysis of each component in the overall asphalt pyrolysis process. Additionally, the FR asphalt pyrolysis process is endothermic. The added CFR retards the asphalt pyrolysis process. The formation of the surface carbon layer impedes heat transfer. Also, the volatile emissions during asphalt pyrolysis are reduced by the presence of CFR. The added CFR promotes an increase in the size of the asphalt microstructure. The surface of FR asphalt becomes rougher and more rugged than that of asphalt. Finally, the elastic modulus, deformation resistance, and micromechanical performance of asphalt are increased as the level of FR presence is increased. FR asphalt has a higher adhesive force, which is conducive to increasing the adhesivity of FR asphalt with mineral aggregate in the FR asphalt mixture.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flame-retardant and Smoke Suppression Modes Of Action Of Cfr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressing Actions of Inorganic Flame Retardants on the Pyrolysis Behavior of Asphalt

Wang,

Xia,

2023

Langmuir

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“…The test apparatus consisted of the following main elements:—regular cuboid chamber with a ventilation system supplemented with the oxygen consumption calorimetry method for determining heat and smoke release rates [ 11 , 18 , 21 ],—vertical cable specimen tray (ladder) of 3.6 ± 0.1 m (height) × 300 mm (width),—ignition gas burner at the bottom of the tray. A paramagnetic analyzer measured oxygen depletion in combustion effluent in the ventilation duct.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the purpose of this study, a thorough investigation of the polymer combustion process was not needed and has not been performed. However, a good explanation of the polymer combustion process is given in [ 18 ]. There, it was stated that “Combustion proceeds by a series of overall exothermic, radical reactions and produces heat and light (flame).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Cable Construction Parameter and Its Potential to Foresee the Cable Fire Properties

Kaczorek-Chrobak

Fangrat

2023

Materials

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A cable parameter related to the volume of effective non-combustible content, Ω, is proposed, which depends on the ratio of non-metallic, non-combustible component volume to non-metallic, combustible component volume, and the effective area of heat transfer within the cable during the combustion process. The correctness of the proposed cable parameter for circular cables is confirmed by tests and the determination of Spearman’s correlation. High Spearman’s correlation factors (close to −1) were obtained for total heat release and total smoke production as a function of the Ω cable parameter. The Ω cable parameter might be used in selecting cable samples for large geometric-scale fire testing within the same cable family.

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“…Some examples are metal hydroxides and halogen, phosphorous, nitrogen and boron-based compounds. Moreover, new-generation flame-retardants, such as nanoparticles, expandable graphite, and bio-based [ 5 ] flame-retardants are also now being used. Halogenated additives [ 4 , 6 ], despite their great effectiveness, are being restricted by new environmental directives such as REACH, WEEE, and RoHS due to their harmful effects on humans and the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

et al. 2023

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One of the main advantages of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is the ability to reduce their weight while they exhibit exceptional properties such as high strength, stiffness, and resistance to corrosion, and reduction in their lifetime maintenance when they are compared to the metallic components. These features led fiber-reinforced polymer composites to have applications in the mechanical, construction, aerospace, automotive, medical, marine, and other manufacturing industries. However, the use of this type of material is not possible in all of these applications since, in certain sectors, the fire resistance property that the material must present is one of the key factors. For this reason, a thermosetting resin composed of ultraviolet (UV)-curable acrylic monomers has been used as a matrix, where transparent aluminum trihydrate (ATH) flame-retardant fillers were incorporated for manufacturing flame-retarded UV-curable composites. The composite parts were produced by using glass fiber-reinforced UV-curable prepregs. An exhaustive study of different types of ATH-based flame-retardant additives and the possible cooperation between them to improve the fire properties of the UV-curable composite was carried out. Additionally, the most suitable additive percentage to meet the railway sector requirements was also evaluated, as well as the evolution in the viscosity of the matrix and its processing capacity during the manufacture of the prepregs at 60 °C. The compatibility between the fillers and the matrix was assessed using a dielectric analysis (DEA). The fire properties of both the matrix and the final composite were established.

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Phenolic-based phosphorus flame retardants for polymeric materials

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Suppressing Actions of Inorganic Flame Retardants on the Pyrolysis Behavior of Asphalt

Suppressing Actions of Inorganic Flame Retardants on the Pyrolysis Behavior of Asphalt

Electric Cable Construction Parameter and Its Potential to Foresee the Cable Fire Properties

On the Influence of Flame-Retardant Additives on UV-Curable Thermosetting Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

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