Phenolic Compounds Characterization and Biological Activities of Citrus aurantium Bloom

Abstract

Citrus plants are known to possess beneficial biological activities for human health. In addition, ethnopharmacological application of plants is a good tool to explore their bioactivities and active compounds. This research was carried out to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid analysis, antioxidant properties, anti inflammatory and anti cancer activity of Citrus aurantium bloom. The total phenolics and flavonoids results revealed that methanolic extract contained high total phenolics and flavonoids compared to ethanolic and boiling water extracts. The obtained total phenolics value for methanolic Citrus aurantium bloom extract was 4.55 ± 0.05 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), and for total flavonoids it was 3.83 ± 0.05 mg rutin equivalent/g DW. In addition, the RP-HPLC analyses of phenolics and flavonoids indicated the presence of gallic acid, pyrogallol, syringic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin and naringin as bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium bloom were examined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP). The free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power activities were higher for the methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium bloom at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, with values of 55.3% and 51.7%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding boiling water and ethanolic extracts, but the activities were lower than those of antioxidant standards such as BHT and α-tocopherol. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory result of methanolic extract showed appreciable reduction in nitric oxide production of stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the presence of plant extract. Apart from that, the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract was investigated in vitro against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7; MDA-MB-231), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and Chang cell as a normal human hepatocyte. The obtained result demonstrated the moderate to appreciable activities against all cell line tested and the compounds present in the extracts are non-toxic which make them suitable as potential therapeutics.

NUTRACEUTICAL STUDY OF WHITE AND PINK PULPED FRUITS OF CITRUS MAXIMA (Burm.) Osbeck.

“…Citrus possess bioactivities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and is suggested to be responsible for the prevention of cancer and degenerative diseases. These bioactivities of Citrus are due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, essential oils and vitamins (Karimi et al, 2012). The health promoting effects of Citrus have been mainly associated with its anti-oxidant vitamin C and flavonoid contents.…”

Effect of Capparis spinosa L. on cognitive impairment induced by D-galactosein mice via inhibition of oxidative stress

“…In this study, gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, chlorogenic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, o-coumaric, rosmarinic, and trans-cinnamic acids were investigated in polar methanol extracts of C. spinosa and syringic acid was detected at a total amount of 204.629 µg/g. Syringic acid is a natural phenolic acid with a strong antioxidant effect that has multiple pharmacological properties such as anticancer effects and antihypertensive and hepatoprotective effects (38)(39)(40). DNA damage protection potential of extracts was also determined.…”

Elicitation induced flavonoids, phenolic constituents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Artemisia monosperma callus cultures

“…Eleven flavonoidal compounds (Table 2) and twenty three phenolic compounds (Table 3) were identified by comparing the retention time of their peaks with that of the available authentic flavonoids and phenolics injected under the same conditions of the experiment (Karimi et al, 2012). It is worthy to note that some peaks can't be identified due to the low concentration and/or the limited number of available authentics.…”