Phenolics Profile and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Kiwi Berry (Actinidia arguta) Flesh and Peel Extracts From Four Regions in China

Abstract

The kiwi berry (Actinidia arguta) has been widely studied because of its rich phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents. Numerous reports have demonstrated that fruit peels contain higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than that of flesh. In this study, the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of peel and flesh extracts of six kiwi berries were analyzed from four regions (namely, Dandong, Benxi, Taian, and Tonghua) in China. The antioxidant activity was determined using the peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. The phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents of kiwi berry peel were 10.77, 13.09, and 10.38 times richer than that of kiwi berry flesh, respectively. In addition, the PSC and CAA values of kiwi berry peel were higher than those of kiwi berry flesh. The analysis of the separation and contents of phenolics were performed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode-array detectormass spectrometry/mass (DAD-MS/MS) system, and the results illustrated that protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid were the major phenolic compounds. In conclusion, this study indicated that kiwi berry peel contains a rich source of antioxidants. These data are of great significance for the full development and utilization of kiwi berries in these four regions of China to produce nutraceutical and functional foods.

Valorization of Kiwi Peels: Fractionation, Bioactives Analyses and Hypotheses on Complete Peels Recycle

“…The sum of reported flavanols contents ranged between 0.003 and 0.148 mg/g fw and hydroxycinnamic acids between 0.01 and 0.7 mg/g fw. Taking in to account the differences due to the expression in fresh weight respect to dry weight, the available quantitative data, only partially overlapped with our results [ 16 , 44 ]. The presence of quercetin is sometimes reported, but was not found in our samples.…”

“…Satpal et al [ 2 ], in a review, confirms the main presence in peels from various kiwi cultivars, of caffeic acid and its derivatives, sinapic acid, catechins and derivatives. Other works also report a small presence of flavonoids, such as chrysin and quercetin [ 16 , 43 ], not yet identified in our extracts.…”

“…A limited number of published papers have explored the effects of the extraction procedures applied to the kiwi peels to the chemical quality and biological activities of extracts. Conventional extraction based on ethanol or acetone mixed with water were applied for the flavonoids extraction and acidic hydrolysis has been applied for the pectin’s extraction [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The same classes of compounds were also obtained by ultrasound and microwave assisted methods [ 18 ].…”

Dwarf Kiwi (Actinidia arguta Miq.), a Source of Antioxidants for a Healthy and Sustainable Diet

“…The antioxidant properties were also evaluated in different kiwi berry samples on the physiological intracellular ROS of HepG2 cells. The results suggest that kiwi berry is a better source of antioxidants than common kiwi fruit at the cellular level [ 28 ].…”

Sustainable Design of Innovative Kiwi Byproducts-Based Ingredients Containing Probiotics

“…Antioxidant activity is often associated with the prevention or inhibition of processes that lead to cellular degradation, caused mainly by the effects of free radicals. Using multivariate correlation analysis, Zhang et al [ 34 ] established that different groups of polyphenolic compounds are mainly responsible for antioxidant activity.…”