Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Understanding the phenotypic characteristics of indigenous livestock breeds is essential for their utilization and conservation. This study aimed to characterize indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia based on phenotypic traits. Materials and Methods: Data on eight qualitative and 12 quantitative traits were recorded for 250 chickens from six breeds: Black Kedu, Gaga, Merawang, Nunukan, Pelung, and Sentul. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance to test the effect of breed on observed traits. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted separately for each chicken breed. Data on quantitative traits were subjected to Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, which was computed to test the sampling adequacy and the pattern of correlation among the traits, and Bathlett's tests were used to assess the validity of the factor analysis of each of the datasets and determine whether the partial correlations among traits were small. Results: We found considerable phenotypic variation in both qualitative and quantitative traits among indigenous chicken breeds. Multicolored plumage (96.40%), wild plumage (39.20%), gold feather flick (51.20%), yellow shank (36.80%), single comb (80.80%), red comb (94.80%), red earlobe (77.60%), and orange eyes (61.60%) were the most common features in the indigenous chickens. In addition, breed had a significant effect on all the quantitative traits that were analyzed (p<0.05). There were higher mean values for all quantitative traits for Pelung chickens than other chickens. In addition, the overall mean values for all quantitative traits in Merawang chicken were intermediate between Pelung chickens and Black Kedu, Gaga, and Nunukan chickens. The PCA showed two principal factors extracted that accounted for 77.80% and 78.38% of the total variance in the original variables for males and females, respectively. Conclusion: In general, body weight and body measurements, except wattle length, were loaded in PC1 as the primary factors responsible for the variation. The phenotypic variation observed in indigenous chickens in Indonesia could provide valuable basic information for the design of selection and genetic improvement programs.

Phenotypic and genetic diversity of the Anjian chicken in China

“…The present study revealed that colors of feathers of Anjian chickens are considerably diverse, ranging from black, yellow, white, gray, buff, and red to brown, consistent with studies in different countries, including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia (Iqbal et al, 2015;Liyanage et al, 2015;Mahmood et al, 2017;Maharani et al, 2021). The MC1R gene that codes for the black color of feathers is located on the E locus and affects the synthesis of eumelanin and brown melanin by regulating tyrosinase activity (Feng et al, 2017).…”

“…Anjian chickens mainly have pea comb and also have single comb. Pea comb is a specifical comb type of cockfighting chickens (Iqbal et al, 2015;Liyanage et al, 2015;Mahmood et al, 2017;Asmara et al, 2019a;Maharani et al, 2021). Male Pelung chickens have a single comb (Asmara et al, 2019a), which is common in chickens in other tropical countries, such as Sri Lanka (Liyanage et al, 2015) and Nigeria (Rotimi et al, 2016).…”

“…Most Anjian chickens have yellow eyes, while the eye of the cock game chickens is predominantly yellow (Mahmood et al, 2017). Yellow eyes are also the most common feature of Indonesian native chickens (Maharani et al, 2021).…”

Revisit the Development of Native Indonesian Chickens from Red Jungle Fowls (Gallus gallus bankiva) to Commercial Chickens

“…Ayam Kampung sebagai contoh mempunyai beberapa variasi warna bulu, yaitu warna hitam (EE, Ee, ee + ), tipe liar (e + e + , e + e), columbian (ee), bulu putih (II, Ii) serta warna lurik (barred/BB), sedangkan warna kulit terdiri dari warna putih/kuning (IdId/Idid), hitam atau kehijauan (idid). Bentuk jengger juga mempunyai variasi yang tinggi, yaitu bentuk tunggal (pprr), kapri (P-rr) atau walnut (P-R-) (Maharani et al 2019;Maharani et al 2021). Contoh lain tentang tingginya keragaman sifat kualitatif ayam asli Indonesia adalah pengamatan pada ayam Walik asal Kabupaten Bogor dan Sumedang (Ulfah et al 2012).…”

“…Upaya perbaikan mutu genetik ayam lokal sudah dimulai semenjak puluhan tahun yang lalu menggunakan pendekatan inventarisasi sumber daya genetik dan program seleksi menggunakan pendekatan molkuler (Kunuti et al 2021;Hata et al 2021;Maharani et al 2021). Upaya tersebut menghasilkan rumpun baru ayam kampung yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai ayam galur murni atau dapat juga dijadikan sebagai ayam komersial penghasil daging (Hasnelly et al 2017).…”