Phenotypic variation and adaptation in morphology and salt spray tolerance in coastal and inland populations of <i>Setaria viridis</i> in central Japan

Itoh, Matsuo

doi:10.1111/wre.12471

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…(Weng and Chen 2001). Also, Setaria viridis showed differences in salt spray tolerance in different environments, depending on various factors including differences in wind speeds in coastal and inland zones (Itoh 2021). In the current study, there were clear differences in the meteorological conditions in the various native habitats of H. macrophylla.…”

Section: Native Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Native habitats and salt stress responses of wild Hydrangea macrophylla

Morimoto,

Harada,

Shukuya

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Hydrangea shrubs, developed from wild Hydrangea macrophylla endemic to Japan, are very important plants for landscaping and horticulture. H. macrophylla, likely speciated from H. serrata growing in the mountainous zone, have migrated into coastal zone. However, there is still a lack of information about the habitats of wild H. macrophylla and its adaptative responses to salt-stressed coastal environments. Therefore, in this study we conducted a survey of wild H. macrophylla populations and its native habitats. The results of the habitat survey showed that H. macrophylla is mainly distributed in coastal zones that have a saline atmosphere, triggered by high wind speed, high soil EC1:5 and large soil sodium contents, capable of causing severe damage to many plant species. Additionally, we confirmed some inland populations in a part of the Izu Peninsula and on the Izu islands. Several of these inland H. macrophylla populations inhabited mountain vegetation areas favored by H. serrata, and had thinner leaves than the coastal populations. We also found H. macrophylla individuals growing in oligotrophic environments such as on rocky surfaces and in volcanic ash scoria. Leaf cation analysis suggests that H. macrophylla adapts to salt stress by regulating Na+ allocation and preventing high leaf Na+ concentrations. The findings of this fundamental investigation of native habitats and adaptation to coastal zone should help facilitate further studies on H. macrophylla ecosystem, abiotic stress and conservation.

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Section: Native Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Native habitats and salt stress responses of wild Hydrangea macrophylla

Morimoto,

Harada,

Shukuya

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Variations in the salt spray tolerance of S. viridis were studied in 2020 and 2021 following the method of Itoh (2021). The seed source and germination procedures used were the same as those described for the morphological analysis.…”

Section: Variations In Salt Spray Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, research into the importance of salt spray tolerance in plant adaptation to coastal habitats has been focused on a limited number of species, including Erigeron spp. (Boyce, 1954), Mimulus guttatus (Lowry et al., 2008) and S. viridis (Itoh, 2021). S. viridis comprises the following three variations that differ in terms of form and salt spray tolerance: coastal short and tolerant, on rocky cliffs and pebble shores of open seas; coastal tall and mid‐tolerant, on the sandy shores of the Seto inland sea that is subject to mild breezes; and ordinary inland tall and susceptible variants (Itoh, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Boyce, 1954), Mimulus guttatus (Lowry et al., 2008) and S. viridis (Itoh, 2021). S. viridis comprises the following three variations that differ in terms of form and salt spray tolerance: coastal short and tolerant, on rocky cliffs and pebble shores of open seas; coastal tall and mid‐tolerant, on the sandy shores of the Seto inland sea that is subject to mild breezes; and ordinary inland tall and susceptible variants (Itoh, 2021). We here defined variants as groups of local populations or individuals that displayed distinct life history traits from each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although immigrant inviability has been observed between the coastal and inland populations in parapatry, population divergence has not been clearly demonstrated due to the difficulty of verifying that a coastal variant has diverged from adjacent inland plants, which constitute invaders rather than its ancestors (Anacker & Strauss, 2014; Linhart & Grant, 1996). If two different coastal variants are assumed to diverge at the same seashore, their secondary contact is unlikely because seashores with coastal variants are geographically distant from each other, which results in isolation (Itoh, 2021). Such coastal variants could have originated from ancestral populations within a locality and/or from immigrants of the ordinary inland plants invading repeatedly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local adaptation in parapatric and sympatric mosaic coastal habitats through trait divergence of Setaria viridis

Itoh,

Fukunaga,

Osako

2024

Journal of Ecology

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Maritime plants contain dwarf ecotypes that are adapted to exposure to strong winds transporting salt spray. When variants differentiated from local populations are well‐adapted and reproductively isolated, they become forerunners of ecotypes. This study aimed to determine how coastal variants arise from local populations under natural selection by studying phenotypic variations and survival of self‐fertilising Setaria viridis populations inhabiting pebble and sandy seashores in Japan. To identify adaptive traits characterising variants, common garden experiments were performed for determining the variation in morphology, salt spray tolerance and flowering time among populations in four adjacent habitats at two localities. To determine selective agents and their adaptation, field transplant experiments were performed, flowering phenology was monitored, and artificial crossing was conducted for F2 segregation. S. viridis populations comprised five coastal variants showing significantly higher salt spray tolerance than the inland variant. The most common of these was a short and tolerant variant adapted to cliff and pebble shore under intensive salt spray from the Pacific ocean. Three others were a tall and mid‐tolerant variant that endured mild breezes off the Seto inland sea, a tall and tolerant variant that survived sea splash from sporadic storms, and a prostrate and tolerant variant specialised for rock cracks exposed to strong sea winds. These variants imply that maritime plants first acquired salt spray tolerance for survival, after which compact plants evolved in habitats where strong winds caused damage from salt spray. Flowering in a fifth variant was delayed to avoid the fatal risk of reproducing during the mid‐summer drought. Although salt spray tolerance and late‐flowering were partially recessive, self‐fertilisation of S. viridis may have increased the homozygosity of recessive genes to generate novel variants. Synthesis. Diverse intensities of salt spray and wind as well as summer drought generated various coastal variants in parapatry and sympatry. This was partially attributable to self‐fertilisation. Among these, a compact variant adapted to common local seashores may become the forerunner of an ecotype. This study on the local adaptation in mosaic habitats will assist in determining adaptation modes of plants and the beginning of ecotype formation.

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Salt tolerance in a neotropical orchid in the absence of local adaptation to salt spray

de Lima,

Silva,

Ribeiro

et al. 2024

American J of Botany

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PremiseSalt tolerance has rarely been investigated regionally in the neotropics and even more rarely in Orchidaceae, one of the largest families. Therefore, investigating local adaptation to salt spray and its physiological basis in Epidendrum fulgens, a neotropical orchid species, brings important new insights.MethodsWe assessed the degree of salt tolerance in E. fulgens by testing whether coastal populations are more tolerant to salt, which could point to local adaptation. To understand the physiological basis of such salt tolerance, we exposed wild‐collected individuals to salt spray for 60 days, then measured leaf expansion, osmotic potential, sodium leaf concentration, chlorophyll leaf index, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative growth rate, and pressure–volume curves.ResultsThere is no local adaptation to salt spray since both inland and coastal plants have a high tolerance to salt stress. This tolerance is explained by the ability to tolerate high concentrations of salt in leaf tissues, which is related to the high succulence displayed by this species.ConclusionsWe showed an unprecedented salt tolerance level for an orchid species, highlighting our limited knowledge of that trait beyond the traditional studied groups. Another interesting finding is that salt tolerance in E. fulgens is linked to succulence, is widespread, and is not the result of local adaptation. We suggest that E. fulgens and its allied species could be an interesting group to explore the evolution of important traits related to tolerance to salt stress, like succulence.

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Phenotypic variation and adaptation in morphology and salt spray tolerance in coastal and inland populations of Setaria viridis in central Japan

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Native habitats and salt stress responses of wild Hydrangea macrophylla

Native habitats and salt stress responses of wild Hydrangea macrophylla

Local adaptation in parapatric and sympatric mosaic coastal habitats through trait divergence of Setaria viridis

Salt tolerance in a neotropical orchid in the absence of local adaptation to salt spray

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