Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D)

Kennepohl, Elke; Munro, I.C.; Bus, James S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374367-1.00084-7

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The herbicide 2,4-D was included in the Quebec ban for precautionary reasons despite uncertain evidence about its effects on human health (Conlin, 2008). Thorough reviews of 2,4-D toxicology report 'no evidence that 2,4-D poses any health risk to humans' and 'no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans' (Burns and Swaen, 2012;Kennepohl et al, 2010). Ironically, in 2011, as part of a settlement with Dow AgroSciences (Indianapolis, IN, USA), the government of Quebec agreed that 'products containing 2,4-D do not pose an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment' (Dow AgroSciences LLC vs.…”

Section: Organic and Alternative Herbicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in turfgrass weed management

Elmore¹,

Patton²,

Gannon³

et al. 2023

Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science

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Weeds are a major pest that reduce aesthetics and functionality of turfgrass systems. Knowledge required for effective weed management has evolved in recent years as weeds develop resistance to herbicides, government restriction of broad-spectrum herbicides has increased, and registration of new herbicide active ingredients has slowed. This chapter discusses relevant and recent developments in synthetic herbicides, alternatives to synthetic herbicides, and non-chemical strategies for weed management including cultural, physical, and genetic approaches. Advances in integrated weed management strategies and barriers preventing adoption of integrated weed management strategies are also discussed. Opportunities for research and development to improve integrated weed management are presented throughout.

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Section: Organic and Alternative Herbicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in turfgrass weed management

Elmore¹,

Patton²,

Gannon³

et al. 2023

Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science

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“…More specifically, hydrophobic herbicides like chlorinated compounds are often adsorbed and retained within soil particles and organic matter, whereas water-soluble herbicides enter surface and groundwater bodies through percolation, runoff , and drainage. Some characteristics of 2,4-D, like its high molecular mass, halogenation, tendency towards bioaccumulation, and lipophilicity, make it more recalcitrant or persistent and thus increase its chances of contaminating air, water , and soil fractions when it is used at higher concentrations than those recommended (Kennepohl et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

et al. 2023

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Chlorinated herbicides are one of the main types of pesticide used in agriculture. In Argentina, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is the most applied herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds, but the risks it poses for the environment and human health are cause for great concern. A promising technology to remove this kind of pollutants, or neutralize them in such a way that they become less or non-toxic, is the use of degrading or detoxifying microorganisms from contaminated sites. Filamentous fungi can bioremediate xenobiotics thanks to their efficient enzymatic machinery. However, most studies on the degradation of 2,4-D have been carried out with bacteria, and little is known about whether it can be efficiently biodegraded by fungi. In the environment, fungal strains and native microbiota may detoxify contaminants through mechanisms like biosorption, bioabsortion, biotransformation, and/or degradation. Whether these processes occur separately or simultaneously depends on the metabolic ability of the strains that conform the microbial community. Another important concern when attempting to introduce detoxifying microorganisms into a contaminated environment is the GRAS (“Generally Recognized As Safe”) assessment or status. These are studies that help predict a biodegrading microorganism’s pathogenicity, toxicity, and infectivity before in situ application. This application, moreover, is regulated by different legal frameworks. The present review aims to outline the main aspects of 2,4-D degradation by fungi, and to summarize the current state of research on the topic in Argentina.

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“…It is widely used in agricultural practices specifically for broadleaf weeds (Hanson, 2020). The acute poisoning of atrazine at low doses causes diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, eye and skin irritation and at high doses, breathing problems, muscle spasms, hypothermia, convulsion and death (Kennepohl et al, 2010). The most significant effect of atrazine in humans is the disruption of endocrine system and oxidative stress response (Jin et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Washing Methods for Reduction of Pesticide Residues in Green Leafy Vegetables

Khagi

2023

Khwopa J.

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The use and import of pesticides have been increasing each year to increase agricultural production. The most highly consumed pesticide in Nepal is fungicide followed by insecticide, herbicide and others. Exposure to these pesticides may result in serious health effects. The main route of exposure is the consumption of contaminated fruits and vegetables. Many studies have shown to reduce the pesticide residues level through various culinary and processing treatments. This experiment was carried out to compare the effectiveness of four washing methods to reduce pesticide residues in vegetables. These comprised of running water method, washing by using NaHCO3, NaCl, and vinegar solution. The leafy vegetable samples, Bok choy (N=61) were purchased from local markets and analyzed for the contents of the two pesticides, 2,4-D and atrazine. Samples were extracted using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with stable isotopically-labelled internal standards. The quality of the method was examined in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Washing vegetables under running tap water significantly decreased (p<0.05) 2,4-D residues by 50%. However, atrazine residues were not reduced significantly from washing under running water but washing with vinegar had a significant effect. This study suggests that washing vegetables before consumption is important to reduce intake of pesticides and associated health risks.

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Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D)

Cited by 13 publications

References 107 publications

Advances in turfgrass weed management

Advances in turfgrass weed management

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

Assessing Washing Methods for Reduction of Pesticide Residues in Green Leafy Vegetables

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