Phosphate and amide III mapping in sialoliths with Raman microspectroscopy

Abstract

Sialoliths, a cause of the salivary gland infection, are reported to be composed of inorganic and organic substances. However, the precise mechanism of sialolith formation remains unclear. The purpose of this report is to elucidate this mechanism by analyzing the precise distribution of phosphate (an inorganic substance) and amide III (an organic substance) in sialoliths by using Raman microspectroscopy. Sialoliths from the submandibular gland duct were analyzed by this form of observation and by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). In Raman microspectroscopy we analyzed the spectral peak of the phosphate (PO 4 3− ) symmetric stretching vibrational mode (u 1 ) at 960 cm −1 and that of amide III at 1265 cm −1 to demonstrate the mapping of an image of these elements showing a semiquantitative distribution of phosphate and amide III in the sialoliths. It was found that phosphate and amide III were concentrated at the center of the sialoliths, and the phosphate distribution in the sialoliths showed concentric laminations. These results indicated the possibility that the sialoliths originated from a nidus of organic materials and progressively grew by the deposition of layers of organic and inorganic materials.

Combination of Sonodynamic and Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer Would Be Effective through Using a Regulated Size of Nanoparticles

“…Raman spectrum microscope (MRS-1000 MTS-model, JASCO Ltd. Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the measurement of Raman shift spectrum (Figure 5) and the mapping image (1.45×1.45 mm 2 ) on the cryo-sectioned slice of the raw tumor tissue of the model mouse at 2738 cm −1 peak area excited at 785 nm as same methods as reported by our previous reports [56, 57]. …”

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of salivary flow and its effect on sialolithogenesis

“…The formation of stones in the salivary extraglandular system has been predominantly attributed to slow salivary flow, salivary stagnation, and intricate metabolic events (Waseem and Forte, 2005). Various studies (Kinoshita et al , 2008; Su et al , 2010; Ribeiro et al , 2011) have demonstrated the microstructure of sialoliths and features of electrolyte alteration in saliva during pathologic states; however, less attention has been paid to the macroscopic effects of changes in salivary flow. Using CFD, we explored the changes in the salivary flow field of Stensen’s duct, which we believe may affect the symptoms and prognosis of this pathologic condition.…”

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry part II: Soft tissue analysis

“…These mineral components have been studied by various methods including high-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Kinoshita et al explained in detail the precise formation of sialolith by analyzing the actual distribution of organic (amide III) and inorganic (phosphate) content within the sialolith with the help of Raman spectroscopy (117). The sialolith from the submandibular gland was used for the study.…”