Phosphate Recycling in the Phosphorus Industry

Schipper, W.J.; Klapwijk, A.; Potjer, B.; Rulkens, W.H.; Temmink, B.G.; Kiestra, F. D. G.; Limbach, A. C. M.

doi:10.3363/prb1992.15.0_47

Cited by 29 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Phosphorite treated with organic acids/H 2 SO 4 produced by microorganism is an interesting alternative to conventional process of production phosphate fertilizers. When bones or sludge from enhanced biological phosphorus removal (both have high level of phosphorus [3]) serves as a source of P in the cultivation of mircobes solubilizing P, additionally, organic form of carbon and other nutrients are supplied to the growth medium [30], making solubilizing process easier and more efficient. Biochar [31] or bones ash are other alternative sources of phosphorus, possible to use as raw material for fertilizers production in the case when microbes are utilized.…”

Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, phosphorus fertilizers are mainly produced from phosphorite treated with sulfuric acid that decomposed phosphate rock into a waste phosphogypsum (CaSO 4 Á2H 2 O (dihydrate) and CaSO 4 Á0.5 H 2 O (semi-hydrate)) and wet process phosphoric acid [3,27]. Similar to a certain extent, process can be performed by Thiobacillus ferroxidans or Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans that are able to produce sulfuric acid [28,29].…”

Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is surprising that so much global attention has been paid to ''peak oil'' that we have missed noticing the threat of ''peak phosphorus'', since the last few years decrease in fertilizer production all over the world is observed [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of Bones to Liquid Phosphorus Fertilizer by Microbial Solubilization

Saeid

Labuda

Chojnacka

et al. 2013

Waste Biomass Valor

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Problem of decreasing resources of phosphate rock for phosphorus fertilizers production, can be mitigated by biological degradation of low quality substrates, performed by bacterial species able to produce mineral and low molecular organic acids. It was found that Bacillus megaterium was able to solubilize phosphorus incorporated with organic matter-biogenic apatite-bones. Using the microbial treatment (by acids produced by microorganisms) it was possible to produce liquid phosphorus fertilizers. At the same time the problem with utilization of noxious wastes can be solved. Two materials were used: bones and phosphorite. Two times higher solubilization factor for bones were achieved when compare to phosphorite. It was possible to obtain the organic liquid fertilizer with the content of P 2 O 5 0.09 % (m/m). It is necessary to evaluate the utilitarian properties of obtained fertilizer in the germination test.

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Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of Bones to Liquid Phosphorus Fertilizer by Microbial Solubilization

Saeid

Labuda

Chojnacka

et al. 2013

Waste Biomass Valor

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“…Whether the ash of mono-incineration plants can directly be applied on land (Pcontents similar to market fertiliser) is still a matter of discussion because of the heavy metal content and the reduced P-availability. Sludge from nutrient removal plants with bio P and/or aluminium P-precipitation can be used as raw material for phosphate fertiliser industry (Schipper et al, 2004) …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus in Water Quality and Waste Management

Kroiß¹,

Rechberger²,

Egle³

2011

Integrated Waste Management - Volume II

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“…Because domestic wastewater contains low amounts of heavy metals compared to industrial wastewater, relatively clean phosphorus rich products can be produced from black water, that could be reused in agriculture as a fertilizer (Winker et al, 2009) or as a raw material for the phosphorus industry (Schipper et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and phosphorus recovery from black water

Graaff

Temmink

Zeeman

et al. 2011

Water Science and Technology

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Source-separated black water (toilet water) containing 38% of the organic material and 68% of the phosphorus in the total household waste(water) stream including kitchen waste, is a potential source for energy and phosphorus recovery. The energy recovered, in the form of electricity and heat, is more than sufficient for anaerobic treatment, nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery. The phosphorus balance of a UASB reactor treating concentrated black water showed a phosphorus conservation of 61% in the anaerobic effluent. Precipitation of phosphate as struvite from this stream resulted in a recovery of 0.22 kgP/p/y, representing 10% of the artificial phosphorus fertilizer production in the world. The remaining part of the phosphorus ended up in the anaerobic sludge, mainly due to precipitation (39%). Low dilution and a high pH favour the accumulation of phosphorus in the anaerobic sludge and this sludge could be used as a phosphorus-enriched organic fertilizer, provided that it is safe regarding heavy metals, pathogens and micro-pollutants. Keywords anaerobic treatment, black water, biogas production, phosphorus recovery, separation at source, struvite INTRODUCTIONNew sanitation concepts are based on separation at source of household wastewater streams into grey water and black water (faeces and urine) or into grey water, urine and brown water (faeces), and have a large potential to recover the important resources energy, nutrients and water. Anaerobic treatment is regarded as the core technology for energy and nutrient recovery from source separated domestic wastewater (Otterpohl et al., 1999;Kujawa-Roeleveld and Zeeman, 2006). Previous research showed that concentrated black water (faeces and urine collected in a vacuum toilet) can be efficiently treated in a UASB (Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor at a relatively short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9.1 days (de Graaff et al., 2010), in a UASB septic tank at a longer HRT of 29 days (Kujawa-Roeleveld et al., 2005) or in a CSTR at an HRT of 20 days (Wendland et al., 2007). A methane production of 1.8 m 3 CH 4 per m 3 of black water can be achieved, which can be converted to 56 MJ/p/y as electricity and 84 MJ/p/y as heat by combined heat and power (CHP) (de Graaff et al., 2010). The nutrients are largely conserved in the effluent of the anaerobic treatment step. Van Voorthuizen et al. (2008) reported a phosphorus removal of only 5% during anaerobic treatment of black water collected with conventional flush toilets (6L per flush), i.e. 95% was conserved in the effluent. However, for more concentrated black water, collected with vacuum toilets (1L per flush), 40% of the phosphorus was removed when applying UASB-septic tank (Kujawa-Roeleveld et al., 2005).

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Phosphate Recycling in the Phosphorus Industry

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Valorization of Bones to Liquid Phosphorus Fertilizer by Microbial Solubilization

Valorization of Bones to Liquid Phosphorus Fertilizer by Microbial Solubilization

Phosphorus in Water Quality and Waste Management

Energy and phosphorus recovery from black water

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