Phosphogenesis in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran: The link between the Tethyan paleoenvironment and phosphate ore deposition

Zarasvandi, Alireza; Fereydouni, Zahra; Alizadeh, Bahram; Absar, Nurul; Shukla, A. D.; Raza, Mohd Qaim; Ashok, Marie Stanislas; Zentilli, M.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104563

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…This study focuses on the geomorphological 2D and 3D mapping of the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Iran using scripting cartographic techniques (Figure 1). The Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt is a major orogenic landform of Iran located in the northern part of the Arabian plate, a part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, and a location for Zagros phosphogenic horizon, hosted by the Eocene-Oligocene Pabdeh Formation (Zarasvandi et al, 2021). Geologically, it was formed as a result of the collision between the Arabian and central Iran tectonic plates (Jahani et al, 2009).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran

Lemenkova

2022

Artificial Satellites

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Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D and 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language and GMT supported by traditional mapping in QGIS is presented in this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology and a special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, a unique landform of the country affected by complex geodynamic structure. Several modules of GMT and ’tmap’ and ’raster’ packages of R language were shown to illustrate the efficiency of the console-based mapping by scripts. Data sources included high-resolution raster grids of GEBCO/SRTM, EGM-2008, SRTM DEM and vector geologic layers of USGS. The cartographic objective was to visualize thematic maps of Iran: topography, geology, satellite-derived gravity anomalies, geoid undulations and geomorphology. Various cartographic techniques were applied to plot the geophysical and topographic field gradients and categorical variations in geological structures and relief along the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. The structures of Elburz, Zagros, Kopet Dag and Makran slopes, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut and Great Salt Desert were visualized using 3D-and 2D techniques. The geomorphometric properties (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevations) were modelled by R. The study presented a series of 11 new maps made using a combination of scripting techniques and GIS for comparative geological-geophysical analysis. Listings of R and GMT scripting are provided for repeatability.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran

Lemenkova

2022

Artificial Satellites

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“…al. 2021) and the activity of bacteria that reduce sulfate to sul de(Zarasvandi et al 2021); Eu 2+ replaces Ca 2+ in francolite and calcium carbonate due to their similar ionic radius (1.01 Å)(Junio et al 2021). Consequently, a positive Eu anomaly is created in carbonate and phosphate sediments.…”

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Mineralogy, geochemistry, and depositional environment of phosphates in the Pabdeh Formation, Khormuj anticline, SW of Iran

Haddad,

Yazdi,

Behzadi

et al. 2023

Environ Earth Sci

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Phosphate deposits are found in the Khormuj anticline at the end of the Folded Zagros Zone of Iran and are enriched in REE and trace metals. Field survey, petrography, X-ray diffraction and whole-rock geochemistry were used to determine the petrogenesis of these phosphate deposits and evaluate the mechanisms of trace metal enrichment. Khormuj anticline phosphate layers are hosted by carbonate rocks of the Pabdeh Formation (Lower Paleocene-Oligocene). The phosphatic layers are composed of phosphorus grainstone-packstone with microfossils and contains green glauconite. Whole-rock compositions of phosphates indicate a minimal detrital component and enrichment in U and HREE. These elements are not enriched in the limestone units that overlie and underlie the phosphate layers. Overall, the textures and trace element compositions of phosphate layers are interpreted to represent accumulation on a basin margin carbonate ramp, in the reduced and suboxic-to-anoxic zone, with low detrital input but occasional high-energy erosional events. Upwelling process played a fundamental role in the deposition of the sandy glauconite-bearing phosphate layers. Phosphate mineralization has syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic components. Positive correlations between P 2 O 5 and REE, U and other trace elements suggest that cation substitution into carbonate uorapatite and not ion adsorption is the dominant mechanism for metal enrichment in these phosphates. REE patterns in these phosphate layers show strong negative Ce anomalies, positive Eu and Y anomalies and high La/Yb ratios (> 10). Yttrium versus (La/Nd) N ratios are in the seawater range and have been affected by diagenesis process. These elevated ratios suggest that the phosphates are relatively enriched in both the LREE and HREE. This enrichment is related to their marine origin, and weathering had no effect on the phosphate horizons. This research show that marine phosphates have high potential to preferentially fractionate the HREE and U and could represent a future source of these metals.

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Abundance, distribution, and ecological/environmental risks of critical rare earth elements (REE) in phosphate ore, soil, tailings, and sediments: application of spectroscopic fingerprinting

Khelifi,

Batool,

Kechiched

et al. 2024

J Soils Sediments

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Purposes This research focuses on the characterization of phosphate ore, its solid effluents, and nearby contaminated soils in the southwest Tunisia (Gafsa-Metlaoui Basin). It aims also at evaluating the vertical distribution and abundance of critical rare earth elements (REE) in the different materials and their ecological and environmental risks. Materials and methods The sampled materials went through physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization which involved XRF, XPS, XRD, and ICP-MS analyses. The REE anomalies and the environmental and ecological indices were calculated. Results and discussions Results show relatively high concentrations of nine rare REEs, following the sequence La > Ce > Nd > Y > Gd > Eu > Sm > Yb > Tb and trace metal elements (TME) such as Cd, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, Fe, Sr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ba that surpass, in some cases, international standards. The vertical distribution of the studied elements within a sediment, tailings, and soil profiles (beyond 20 cm of depth) indicates their likely in-depth migration. TME- and REE-bearing phosphate samples reflect mostly oxic conditions in the southern area with high positive Eu anomalies signifying possible mixing of sources. The environmental assessment indicate no contamination and a moderate enrichment of REEs, except for Eu, which displays significant contamination and extreme enrichment. Whereas, a deficiency of Y has been detected in most of the studied samples except for sludge sample which was also found significantly enriched with REE. Conclusions There are fundamental similarities between the different studied samples with high carbonate mineral concentrations. Statistical analysis confirmed the spectroscopic fingerprints demonstrating that the different materials share a similar composition. All of these similarities are most likely linked to the impact of mining activities on sediments and soils. Overall, our findings highlight the global effect of ore processing in determining the geochemical and the mineralogical characteristics of the surrounding environments of mines.

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Phosphogenesis in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran: The link between the Tethyan paleoenvironment and phosphate ore deposition

Cited by 8 publications

References 64 publications

A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran

A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and depositional environment of phosphates in the Pabdeh Formation, Khormuj anticline, SW of Iran

Abundance, distribution, and ecological/environmental risks of critical rare earth elements (REE) in phosphate ore, soil, tailings, and sediments: application of spectroscopic fingerprinting

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