Phospholipid‐Modified Titanium Surface‐Loaded Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles Promote Early Angiogenesis and Improve Implant Osseointegration Through Immune Regulation

Abstract

Tissue‐engineered extraction products, such as apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs), significantly promote tissue regeneration, endowing them with the potential to improve osseointegration. However, there is an urgent need to determine how to effectively load these materials onto a material surface to maximize their function. Considering that all such products have a phospholipid bilayer, a phospholipid‐modified implant coating is designed that can effectively load tissue‐engineered products with a phospholipid bilayer structure. ApoEVs are effectively loaded onto the surface and the osteogenic effect improved, achieving good osseointegration. In vitro experiments show that this material improves angiogenesis by promoting macrophage M1 polarization and NO secretion in the early stages. In vivo experiments show that after implantation, it effectively improve the peri‐implant vascularization of the implant, thereby improving the new bone formation ability and osseointegration. This study provides a universal solution for loading vesicular tissue‐engineered products onto an implant surface and validates its ability to improve bone fusion using ApoEVs as an example while exploring its mechanism.