Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Weil, Edward D.; Levchik, Sergei V.

doi:10.1002/0471238961.1608151923050912.a01.pub3

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Acoustic cavitation is called the growth and collapse of bubbles under the influence of an ultrasonic field [ 89 ]. Ultrasonic waves propagate in a liquid medium, causing mechanical vibrations of the liquid.…”

Section: Cavitation Peeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Shot Peening and Cavitation Peening on Properties of Surface Layer of Metallic Materials—A Short Review

2022

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Shot peening is a dynamically developing surface treatment used to improve the surface properties modified by tool, impact, microblasting, or shot action. This paper reviews the basic information regarding shot peening methods. The peening processes and effects of the shot peening and cavitation peening treatments on the surface layer properties of metallic components are analysed. Moreover, the effects of peening on the operational performance of metallic materials are summarized. Shot peening is generally applied to reduce the surface roughness, increase the hardness, and densify the surface layer microstructure, which leads to work hardening effects. In addition, the residual compressive stresses introduced into the material have a beneficial effect on the performance of the surface layer. Therefore, peening can be beneficial for metallic structures prone to fatigue, corrosion, and wear. Recently, cavitation peening has been increasingly developed. This review paper suggests that most research on cavitation peening omits the treatment of additively manufactured metallic materials. Furthermore, no published studies combine shot peening and cavitation peening in one hybrid process, which could synthesize the benefits of both peening processes. Moreover, there is a need to investigate the effects of peening, especially cavitation peening and hybrid peening, on the anti-wear and corrosion performance of additively manufactured metallic materials. Therefore, the literature gap leading to the scope of future work is also included.

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Section: Cavitation Peeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Shot Peening and Cavitation Peening on Properties of Surface Layer of Metallic Materials—A Short Review

2022

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“…However, the addition of EG promoted a much milder decrease in mechanical properties in comparison to that of DMMP. Also, since EG is a carbon-based FR, it can be less harmful to the environment as its mechanism is mostly based on the formation of a carbonaceous char layer without the release of phosphorus-based compounds making EG potentially safer than DMMP. ,,− Hence, based on the results, it could be noted that the WCO-based RPUF obtained comparable results with other materials presented in other studies based on the compression strength and flame retardancy, for instance. In this sense, Veronese et al proposed an interesting study to obtain a PU based on modified soybean and castor oils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Waste to Resource: Synthesis of Polyurethanes from Waste Cooking Oil

Asare

Souza

Gupta

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated after frying or cooking food with vegetable oils. It can be obtained from domestic sources, fast-food places, and industries. The continuous reuse of WCO in foods poses serious health problems, and the improper disposal of WCO results in environmental pollution. Hence, scientists are searching for ways to convert WCO into a useful secondary raw material to produce energy or value-added products. Also, the large generation of WCO is an environmental hurdle, hence finding sustainable ways to reuse it can lead to an advantageous process. Under this perspective, our group collected and filtrated WCO from a domestic source after a one-time use in the deep frying of fish. The qualitative analysis based on iodine, acid value, Fourier transform infrared along with other tests showed that the WCO presented negligible differences when compared to the pure cooking oil. After that, the WCO was converted into a polyol through an epoxidation/ring-opening reaction. The synthesis yielded the WCO-polyol which presented a suitable hydroxyl number that enabled it to form rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with competitive properties. In addition to that, our group introduced flame retardancy properties through the blending of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) or expandable graphite (EG) under increasing concentrations. Through that, several analyses were conducted to elucidate the properties of the WCO-based RPUF. Within this line, the majority of the RPUF presented a closed cell content greater than 90%. Also, a considerable improvement in flame retardancy was observed as the neat WCO-based RPUF had a burning time of 93 s and a weight loss of 46%. Yet, the addition of 10.73 wt % DMMP (DMMP-7) reduced to 8.5 s and 3%, respectively. Also, 16.69 wt % EG (EG-10) resulted in a decrease to 12.5 s and 5%, respectively. Overall, most of the properties of the foams were not compromised with the use of WCO-polyol. Hence, our research was successful in the production of biobased RPUFs. Additionally, further investigations can be performed to potentially improve the properties of the produced WCO foams which can be likely used on the commercial scale for consumer and income generation needs.

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“…In contrast, WIB-IE3 had a higher CO production amount of 0.0533 kg/kg, which was related to the combustion of phosphoric acid in the vaporization stage (Kimmerle 1974). Trimethyl phosphate produced during the thermal decomposition of phosphoric acid reacts with oxygen first to interfere with methane-oxygen reaction, thereby slowing the progress of a fire (Weil and Levchik 2000). In addition, the proportion of incomplete combustion increased because it reduced the concentration of hydrogen atoms (Weil and Levchik 2000).…”

Section: Smoke Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trimethyl phosphate produced during the thermal decomposition of phosphoric acid reacts with oxygen first to interfere with methane-oxygen reaction, thereby slowing the progress of a fire (Weil and Levchik 2000). In addition, the proportion of incomplete combustion increased because it reduced the concentration of hydrogen atoms (Weil and Levchik 2000). Further, the carbon monoxide yield (COY) curve of WIB-IE3 showed a similar trend to that of WIB-I and increased after s. Li (2003) and Niu et al (2014) reported that large amounts of CO are released during the process of burning combustion, in which carbide is turned into ash.…”

Section: Smoke Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

Park

Lee

Kang

et al. 2020

BioRes

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Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.

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Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Cited by 7 publications

References 113 publications

Effects of Shot Peening and Cavitation Peening on Properties of Surface Layer of Metallic Materials—A Short Review

Effects of Shot Peening and Cavitation Peening on Properties of Surface Layer of Metallic Materials—A Short Review

Waste to Resource: Synthesis of Polyurethanes from Waste Cooking Oil

Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

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