“…In this respect, the photocatalysis is an efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP) which offers different advantages such as n ability to apply under ambient temperature and pressure, use to treat emerging pollutants and to achieve their mineralization to the ubiquitous substances like H 2 O and CO 2 (Tab et al, 2020). In this respect, TiO 2 is extensively used (Belabed et al, 2014) in many applications, including paints (Fonseca et al, 2021), toothpastes (Liu et al, 2019), UV protection (Xu et al, 2020), photovoltaics, gas sensors as well as electro-and photochromism materials (Li et al, 2017). Moreover, TiO 2 is nontoxic, inexpensive, chemically stable over the entire pH range, and exhibits excellent performance for removing pollution from both water and air under UV light, which accounts for only 5% of the solar radiation (Carvalho et al, 2019;Güy and Özacar, 2016;Khan et al, 2020;Yanalak et al, 2020).…”