Photochemical upconversion in metal-based octaethyl porphyrin–diphenylanthracene systems

Aulin, Yaroslav V.; Sebille, Martijn van; Moes, Michiel; Grozema, Ferdinand C.

doi:10.1039/c5ra20602b

Cited by 42 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…5, black). 39 Similar measurements gave tT values for DPA-C1-DPA, DPA-C2-DPA, and DPA-C3-DPA of 318, 226, and 261 µs, respectively (Fig. 5, red, blue, and green).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Long-lived Triplet State Formation Caused by Intramolecular Energy Hopping in Diphenylanthracene Dyads Oriented to Undergo Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion

Kanoh¹,

Matsui

Honda³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA)-assisted photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in three dyads (DPA–Cn–DPA), comprised of two diphenylanthracene (DPA) moieties connected by nonconjugated C1, C2, and C3 linkages (Cn), has been investigated. The performance of these dyads as energy acceptors in the presence of the energy donor platinum octaethylporphyrin are characterized by longer triplet lifetimes (τT) and different TTA rate constants than those of the parent DPA. The larger τT of the linked systems, caused by “intramolecular energy hopping” in the triplet dyad 3DPA*–Cn–DPA, results in a low threshold intensity, a key characteristic of efficient TTA-UC.

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“…5, black). 39 Similar measurements gave tT values for DPA-C1-DPA, DPA-C2-DPA, and DPA-C3-DPA of 318, 226, and 261 µs, respectively (Fig. 5, red, blue, and green).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Long-lived Triplet State Formation Caused by Intramolecular Energy Hopping in Diphenylanthracene Dyads Oriented to Undergo Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion

Kanoh¹,

Matsui

Honda³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…This is also in direct contrast to what was previously reported where ZnOEP was found to be an inefficient sensitizer to 1. 52 However, in that study a B10 times higher sensitizer concentration was used and at high concentrations the reabsorption of the UC emission would be more significant, furthermore the excitation source was a ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Thus, considering the high triplet-yield of ZnOEP (B90% 61,62 ) and close to quantitative TET (vide supra), UC from ZnOEP and 1 would be expected to be similar, but slightly lower, compared to the case with PtOEP at low sensitizer concentrations, where reabsorption is not as substantial.…”

Section: Triplet-triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…To the best of our knowledge there are only a few recent reports 42,51,52 of zinc porphyrins as sensitizer for TTA-UC. Aulin et al observed that, with 9,10-diphenylanthracene (1), ZnOEP was not as efficient as the precious metal analogues PdOEP and PtOEP.…”

Section: Spectral Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aulin et al observed that, with 9,10-diphenylanthracene (1), ZnOEP was not as efficient as the precious metal analogues PdOEP and PtOEP. 52 The authors invoked less efficient triplet energy transfer to 1 as a reason. This is a consequence of the first excited triplet state (T 1 ) being lower in energy for ZnOEP compared to PtOEP and PdOEP, resulting in a reduced driving force for triplet energy transfer to 1.…”

Section: Spectral Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loss channels in triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion: importance of annihilator singlet and triplet surface shapes

Gray

Dreos

Erhart

et al. 2017

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

111

139

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Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can, through a number of energy transfer processes, efficiently combine two low frequency photons into one photon of higher frequency. TTA-UC systems consist of one absorbing species (the sensitizer) and one emitting species (the annihilator). Herein, we show that the structurally similar annihilators, 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA, 1), 9-(4-phenylethynyl)-10-phenylanthracene (2) and 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA, 3) have very different upconversion efficiencies, 15.2 ± 2.8%, 15.9 ± 1.3% and 1.6 ± 0.8%, respectively (of a maximum of 50%). We show that these results can be understood in terms of a loss channel, previously unaccounted for, originating from the difference between the BPEA singlet and triplet surface shapes. The difference between the two surfaces results in a fraction of the triplet state population having geometries not energetically capable of forming the first singlet excited state. This is supported by TD-DFT calculations of the annihilator excited state surfaces as a function of phenyl group rotation. We thereby highlight that the commonly used "spin-statistical factor" should be used with caution when explaining TTA-efficiencies. Furthermore, we show that the precious metal free zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) can be used for efficient sensitization and that the upconversion quantum yield is maximized when sensitizer-annihilator spectral overlap is minimized (ZnOEP with 2).

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“…This remarkable value is not far from the maximum theoretical yield of 50% arising from the energy conservation law. 13,33 Figure 2(b) shows the gradual increment of QY uc achieved in the last 10 years. Notably, despite a slower initial development, a good performance is now assessed even for solid-state materials.…”

Section: Principles Of Sensitized Triplet-triplet Annihilation-based mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the application triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion systems to solar technologies

Pedrini

Monguzzi

2017

J. Photon. Energy

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Abstract. Upconversion (UC) of low-energy photons into high-energy light can in principle increase the efficiency of solar devices by converting photons with energies below the energy absorption threshold into radiation that can be utilized. Among UC mechanisms, the sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion (sTTA-UC) is the most recent that would be applied in solar technologies. sTTA-UC was demonstrated using sunlight in 2006, and due to its high efficiency at low excitation intensities with noncoherent light, it is considered a promising strategy for the recovering of subbandgap photons. Here, we describe briefly the working principle of the sTTA-UC, and we review the most recent advances of its use in solar applications.

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Photochemical upconversion in metal-based octaethyl porphyrin–diphenylanthracene systems

Abstract: This paper studies photochemical upconversion in solutions of octaethyl porphyrin (OEP) and diphenyl anthracene (DPA).

Cited by 42 publications

References 39 publications

Long-lived Triplet State Formation Caused by Intramolecular Energy Hopping in Diphenylanthracene Dyads Oriented to Undergo Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion

Long-lived Triplet State Formation Caused by Intramolecular Energy Hopping in Diphenylanthracene Dyads Oriented to Undergo Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion

Loss channels in triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion: importance of annihilator singlet and triplet surface shapes

Recent advances in the application triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion systems to solar technologies

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