“…Therefore, resorting to renewable and low-cost energy sources that can help reduce environmental pollution emissions has become the most appropriate option for future energy needs. [1][2][3] Recently, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) (or Grätzel cells) have been widely used as a new alternative to meet the growing energy demand for safe environmentally friendly, natural, and economical resources, [4][5][6] allowing the opportunity for converting solar energy into electricity with an efficiency of more than 13%. 7 The engineering design of DSSCs is based on using photosensitive materials in solar cells; generally, a DSSC includes four main components: the photoanode, 8 the cathode, 9 the electrolyte, and the sensitizer.…”