Photocopy Classification and Identification

Holland, N.

doi:10.1016/s0015-7368(84)72281-x

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Analysis of photocopies often starts with determination of class characteristics such as paper type, supply marks, toner type, toner application, fusion method, and magnetic properties [6,7,8,9]. The composition of toners can be particularly discriminating among toner classes [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forensic discrimination of photocopy and printer toners. III. Multivariate statistics applied to scanning electron microscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

et al. 2003

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Copy toner samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with X-ray dispersive analysis (SEM-EDX) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Principal component and cluster analysis of SEM data for 166 copy toner samples established 13 statistically different subgroups, with the presence or absence of a ferrite base being a major division. When toners were compared for which both SEM and reflection-absorption infrared spectral data were available, 41% of the samples could be assigned to specific manufacturers. Py-GC/MS on poly(styrene:acrylate)-based toners produced eight peaks relevant to toner differentiation. One third of the toners clustered in a small group that contained five statistically different subgroups. Of the 57 toners for which both Py-GC/MS and SEM data were available, 31 could be differentiated using the combined analytical results. The synergy of the complementary information provided by Py-GC/MS and SEM narrows matching possibilities for forensic investigations involving copied or laser printed documents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of toners can be particularly discriminating among toner classes [6,7]. For example, common black dry toner has opaque solid material imbedded in a matrix of organic binder which bonds to the surface of the paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic discrimination of photocopy and printer toners. III. Multivariate statistics applied to scanning electron microscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

et al. 2003

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Writing Instruments and Printing Devices

Sharfe¹

2009

Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science

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This article is divided into two main sections. The first discusses the physical characteristics of the ink line of nib, ballpoint, porous tip, rollerball, and gel pens. Distinctive characteristics that allow their direction of stroke to be determined are also identified. The second section examines the image forming processes and characteristics associated with typewriters, dot matrix, laser, inkjet, and thermal printers. Identifying faults common to these printing processes are discussed from the view of comparing questioned documents to known printer outputs, which may lead to the identification of the specific printer as the source of the document under investigation. Identifying characteristics found in photocopiers and facsimile machines are also covered.

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