Photodynamic therapy effect on the ultrastructure of Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites and their effectiveness in experimentally infected animals

Abstract

2 Background 3 Trichomonas vaginalis is an amitochondrial parasitic that causes human trichomoniasis, 4 the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. The therapy of 5 choice is metronidazole (MTZ). Despite MTZ effectiveness, resistant cases are 6 becoming more frequent. Another point to emphasize are the side effects that may result 7 in treatment discontinuation, leading to further spread of infection and emergence of 8 resistant strains. This scenario reveals the need to develop new therapeutic options. 9 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental treatment that involves the activation 10 of photosensitive substances and the generation of cytotoxic oxygen species and free 11 radicals to promote the selective destruction of target tissues. A previous study, from 12 our group, identified an excellent in vitro PDT activity using methylene blue and light 13 emitting diode against MTZ sensitive and resistant strains of T. vaginalis. The aim of 14 this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT in vivo and clarify its high 15 trichomonicidal potential by evaluating its action upon T. vaginalis trophozoites through 16 transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 17 18 Methodology 19 Seven-week-old female Balb/c mice were infected intravaginally with T. vaginalis 20 trophozoites. On the third day of infection, methylene blue was introduced into the 21 vaginal canal of the animals, which then received 68.1 J / cm 2 of radiation for 35.6 sec. 22 Control groups without infection and infected, treated with metronidazole were also 23 included for comparison. Twenty-four hours after treatment the vaginal canal of the 24 animals was scraped and the samples processed by the immunocytochemistry technique.3 3 25 After in vitro photodynamic treatment, T. vaginalis trophozoites were processed for 26 TEM. Ultrathin sections were collected in 400-mesh copper grids, contrasted with 5% 27 uranyl acetate and 3% lead citrate, in aqueous solutions for 20 and 5 min., respectively 28 and observed in a Jeol JEM 230 transmission electron microscope. 29 30 Results 31 TEM showed morphological changes such as centripetal displacement of organelles, 32 cannibalism, hydrogenosomal damage, intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, dilated 33 endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and membrane discontinuity, in both resistant and 34 sensitive strains, suggesting that trichomonicidal activity is mainly due to necrosis. 35 PDT significantly reduced infection in animals treated with a single therapy session, 36 compared to control groups, being statistically as efficient as MTZ. 37 38 Conclusions 39 Our results demonstrated high trichomonicidal activity of PDT with morphological 40 alterations compatible with necrosis. Therefore these results indicate that PDT 41 represents not only an alternative therapy for refractory trichomoniasis, but also 42 routinely for this important neglected parasitic disease.43 44

The effect of rose bengal activated with green diode laser light on selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains

“…The singlet oxygen species and/or free radicals generated upon illumination of this agent are toxic to pathogens (Sharma et al, 1999). The photodynamic effect may hit different targets, such as tumour tissues (Bonnett, 2002;Dolmans et al, 2003;Gunaydin et al, 2021), bacteria (Hamblin, Hasan, 2004;Liu et al, 2015;Martins Antunes de Melo et al, 2021), viruses and parasites (Fonseca et al, 2018;Varzandeh et al, 2021;Vital-Fujii, Baptista, 2021).…”