Photopolymerization: A Review

Kaur, Manmeet; Srivastava, A. K.

doi:10.1081/mc-120015988

Cited by 128 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Importantly, some technical problems associated to the conventional coating, such as high viscosity of the polymer solution, risk of nozzle plugging or toxicity and environmental impact of organic solvents, can be avoided. 17 To the best of our knowledge, the potential of PNIPA for obtaining matrix or coated sustained release pellets has not been explored yet. The aim of this work is, therefore, oriented to evaluate these two aspects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-viscosity monomer aqueous solution could be applied on the particle surface and, then, coating formation could be achieved by in situ polymerization induced by UV-light radiation. Coating by photopolymerization, widely used for the preparation of insulating materials or finishing decorative elements and furniture, 17,18 is more versatile than traditional methods based on the use of preformed polymers. It can be applied using a wide range of monomers, proceeds in water very fast, and cross-linkers can be incorporated to enhance the mechanical and control release properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustained Release Pellets Based on Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide): Matrix and In Situ Photopolymerization-Coated Systems

Mayo-Pedrosa

Alvarez‐Lorenzo

Lacı́k

et al. 2007

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Release Pellets Based on Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide): Matrix and In Situ Photopolymerization-Coated Systems

Mayo-Pedrosa

Alvarez‐Lorenzo

Lacı́k

et al. 2007

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…It is notable that, in the curing process, interfaces between the cured and the uncured resins are not clear. These gradient boundaries are made of half-cured resin in a state of uncompleted polymerization [22,32]. As we mentioned in the Introduction section, the gradient boundary with low reflection brings some difficulties for the measurement.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Essentially, the curing process of photosensitive resin is one of photo-polymerization reactions [22]. Reaction mechanism and synthetic process are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Curing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These unavoidable fabrication errors can be simply classified into projection errors that resulted from the scattering and diffraction, curing errors generated by environment disturbances in vulnerable photo initiation reactions, polymerization errors caused by chain reactions of monomer molecules and shrinkage errors due to post-curing of cured resin [19][20][21][22][23][24]. All of above fabrication errors will finally lead to uneven thickness of each solidified layer, which as a serious problem directly influences the fabrication quality and limits the applications of EWNSL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-Process Measurement of Thickness of Cured Resin in Evanescent-Wave-Based Nano-stereolithography Using Critical Angle Reflection

et al. 2018

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Stereolithography is one of the most powerful ways to fabricate complex three-dimensional polymeric-based structures layer-by-layer using optical power. Evanescent-wave-based nano-stereolithography using ultra-thin field distribution of evanescent wave to solidify photosensitive resin can provide a sub-micrometer vertical resolution of each layer. To meet strong demands for in-process thickness measurement of cured resin in evanescent-wave-based nano-stereolithography, a measurement method that utilizes variations of resin's refractive index after polymerization and a high sensitivity of total internal reflection at the critical angle has been proposed. By launching the a measurement light from a substrate to resin at the critical angle and detecting reflections from the resin, slight change in refractive index and thickness of cured resin that have great influences on reflectivity can be in-process measured. This method has been firstly examined by simulation using the rigorous coupled wave analysis method. Here, we show that an increase in cured resin's thickness induces a decrease in the reflectivity. In experiments, the largest reflectivity contrast between cured and uncured resins has been proved at the critical angle. In addition, the relationship between reflectivity drop and thickness has been calibrated and a linear relationship within a certain thickness range has been experimentally confirmed. Furthermore, the difference of curing process between continuous and discontinuous exposure has been investigated by using the proposed measurement method. At last, image subtraction and a median filter have been applied in imaging processing to remove influences of uneven illumination and background noises.

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Photopolymerization, Free Radical

Cai

Jessop

2004

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Free‐radical photopolymerizations, which use light energy to initiate chain‐producing reactions, have many advantages over thermal polymerizations, including solvent‐free systems, spatial and temporal control of initiation, and high speed processing capabilities. This article provides an overview of the components, kinetics, and applications of free‐radical photopolymerization systems. Two general classes of photoinitiator systems (unimolecular and bimolecular) are discussed, as well as systems that have been developed to meet the demands of specific applications. (Meth)acrylates, which are the most widely used monomers in photopolymerization processes, and other commercially important free‐radical monomers, are described. The kinetic treatment of free‐radical photopolymerizations is outlined, with special emphasis on the photoinitiation step and its impact on the rate of polymerization expression. Kinetic modeling concerns in reaction systems containing monomers with more than one reactive group and in systems utilizing specialized polymerization methods are also considered. Finally, applications for free‐radical photopolymers in the automotive, electronic, medical, optical, graphic arts, flooring, and furniture industries are presented. This article provides the scientist or engineer with fundamental considerations of free‐radical photopolymerizations, along with references for more advanced topical research.

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Photopolymerization: A Review

Cited by 128 publications

References 136 publications

Sustained Release Pellets Based on Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide): Matrix and In Situ Photopolymerization-Coated Systems

Sustained Release Pellets Based on Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide): Matrix and In Situ Photopolymerization-Coated Systems

In-Process Measurement of Thickness of Cured Resin in Evanescent-Wave-Based Nano-stereolithography Using Critical Angle Reflection

Photopolymerization, Free Radical

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