Phthalate esters: Occurrence and biological effects

Peakall, David B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9857-1_1

Cited by 193 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Phthalic esters are very commonly found in significant amounts in solvents and are used as plasticizers in plastic containers. They can be found virtually anywhere as contaminants (15). However, finding them in our Pfiesteria Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 109 | SUPPLEMENT 5 | October 2001 Figure 2.…”

Section: Gh 4 C 1 Cytotoxicity Assaymentioning

confidence: 94%

Current Progress in Isolation and Characterization of Toxins Isolated from Pfiesteria piscicida

Moeller¹,

Morton²,

Mitchell³

et al. 2001

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Section: Gh 4 C 1 Cytotoxicity Assaymentioning

confidence: 94%

Current Progress in Isolation and Characterization of Toxins Isolated from Pfiesteria piscicida

Moeller¹,

Morton²,

Mitchell³

et al. 2001

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…[8]), but many of these reports may have been due to contamination of the solvents used for extraction. The occurrence and toxicology of phthalate diesters have been thoroughly reviewed [7,9,101.…”

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confidence: 99%

Plant biochemistry of xenobiotics. Purification and properties of a wheat esterase hydrolyzing the plasticizer chemical, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Krell

Sandermann

1984

Eur J Biochem

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A soluble wheat esterase, catalyzing a cleavage of the mass-produced plasticizer chemical, bis(2-ethylhexy1)phthalate (DEHP), has been discovered. Although wheat plants and seeds as well as cultured wheat cells contained more than 12 non-specific esterase activities, only a single protein with a marked preference for a substrate chain-length of 6-8 carbon atoms was active with DEHP. This enzyme is shown to differ from all previously characterized plant lipases and esterases.The enzyme was purified 10-fold from wheat plants and 280-fold, to electrophoretic homogeneity, from cultured wheat cells. An apparent functional molecular mass of 38000Da and an apparent subunit molecular mass of 22000 D a were determined. Inhibitor experiments pointed to the catalytic involvement of a serine residue. Cleavage of DEHP by the purified enzyme was about lo4 times slower than cleavage of 4-nitrophenyl octanoate. This was consistent with previous evidence for a rate-limiting role of the esterase reaction in DEHP metabolism by intact wheat cellsThe fate of environmental chemicals in plants is of great practical concern in view of the huge global plant biomass and of the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture. It is clear that plants play an important role in the transformation of environmental chemicals [I, 21. However, the state of biochemical knowledge on the plant metabolism of xenobiotics is poor when compared to the detailed knowledge on the mammalian metabolism of xenobiotics [3]. Only few plant enzymes acting on xenobiotics have so far been purified and characterizedThe present report deals with a plant enzyme acting on the mass-produced plasticizer chemical, bis(2-ethy1hexyl)phthalate (DEHP, Fig.l). The 1979 production figure of DEHP was about 300 million pounds for the US alone [7]. DEHP is found world-wide as a contaminant of sediments and air. Phthalates, including DEHP, have also repeatedly been isolated from plant material (e.g. [8]), but many of these reports may have been due to contamination of the solvents used for extraction. The occurrence and toxicology of phthalate diesters have been thoroughly reviewed [7, 9, 101. The plant metabolism of phthalate diester plasticizers has only very recently been studied. A small amount (1.2%) of metabolites was present in the plant component (Elocku canademis) of a model ecosystem [l I]. Much higher amounts of DEHP conversion products were isolated from the plant components (Chara chara, Mentha aguatica) of another model ecosystem [12]. However, it remained unclear whether these products had been formed by the plant, by other components of the model ecosystems or through abiotic mechanisms. DEHP [4-61.Abbreviations. DEHP, bis(2-ethylhexy1)phthalate; MEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexy1)phthalate.

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“…Of the phthalates, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate reduces the reproduction in Daphnia magna . Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is toxic only at high levels (>10 mg/L) (Peakall, 1975;Streufert et al, 1980). The toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate to fi sh has been found to be relatively low .…”

Section: Toxicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repellent and Insecticide Activity of Pelargonium x hortorum against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

Farag

Yousef

El-badawey

et al. 2012

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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Insecticide and repellent activity of an acetone extract and oil from fresh leaves of Pelargonium x hortorum (cv. Orangesonne) were evaluated against the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The oil showed medium toxicity against the 2 nd instar and low toxicity against the 4 th instar larvae, while the extract showed high signifi cant toxicity at all concentrations tested against the two instars. On the other hand, both oil and extract exhibited highly signifi cant repellency against the two tested instars. Volatile constituents of the oil were also identifi ed by GC-MS analysis.

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Phthalate esters: Occurrence and biological effects

Cited by 193 publications

References 103 publications

Current Progress in Isolation and Characterization of Toxins Isolated from Pfiesteria piscicida

Current Progress in Isolation and Characterization of Toxins Isolated from Pfiesteria piscicida

Plant biochemistry of xenobiotics. Purification and properties of a wheat esterase hydrolyzing the plasticizer chemical, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Repellent and Insecticide Activity of Pelargonium x hortorum against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

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