Phthalic Acid and Derivatives

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Phthalic Acid 2. Phthalic Anhydride 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Resources and Raw Materials 2.4. Production 2.4.1. Gas‐Phase Oxidation 2.4.1.1. Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism 2.4.1.2. Apparatus and Important Process Steps in the Gas‐Phase Oxidation of o ‐Xylene 2.4.2. Fluidized‐Bed Oxidation 2.4.3. Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of o ‐Xylene 2.5. Environmental Protection 2.6. Quality Specifications and Analysis 2.7. Economic Aspects 2.8. Storage and Transportation 2.9. Uses 3. Phthalimide 3.1. Properties 3.2. Production 3.2.1. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Ammonia 3.2.2. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Urea 3.2.3. Production from o ‐Xylene 3.3. Uses 4. Phthalonitrile 4.1. Properties 4.2. Production 4.2.1. Production from o ‐Xylene 4.2.2. Production from Phthalic Acid Derivatives 4.3. Uses 5. Phthalates 5.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 5.2. Raw Materials 5.3. Production 5.4. Environmental Protection 5.5. Quality Specifications 5.6. Storage and Transportation 5.7. Uses 5.8. Economic Aspects 6. Toxicology 6.1. Use of and Exposure to Phthalic Acid and Derivatives 6.2. Toxicological Profiles 6.2.1 Phthalic Acid 6.2.2 Phthalic Anhydride 6.2.3 Phthalimide 6.2.4. Phthalonitrile 6.2.5. Phthalate Esters 6.2.5.1. Metabolism and Toxicokinetics 6.2.5.2. Acute Toxicity 6.2.5.3. Irritation and Sensitizing Potential 6.2.5.4. Repeated DEHP Dosing 6.2.5.5. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 6.2.5.6. Carcinogenicity 6.2.5.7. Reproductive Toxicity 6.2.5.8. Effects of Phthalate Esters by Groups 6.3 Risk Assessment 6.3.1 Biomonitoring and Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters 6.3.2 Carcinogenicity 6.3.3 Toxicity to Reproduction 6.4 Risk Management

Plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate interferes with osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis in a mouse model

“…It has been estimated that above 2 million tons/year worldwide of DEHP are produced. 1 Owing to the heavy use of phthalates around the world, phthalates are considered as universal environmental contaminants. DEHP can rapidly metabolized to its major metabolite mono (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) by pancreatic lipases in the lumen of guts following ingestion.…”

Chemical characterization in correlation to toxicity evaluation for water reuse of solid waste leachates in the itMBR-RO system

“…It was found that the fresh leachate contained more components of acids and esters, phenolic compounds, and phthalates, with few aliphatic hydrocarbons and no aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes or silica containing compounds, which was different from the stabilized leachate in which all types of those components were found [2]. The xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) were commonly found in the landfill leachates [17]. Seven compounds were priority pollutants according to the USEPA [18] including p-Xylene, di-ethylphthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), naphthalene,1-methyl-, cresols, and bisphenol A.…”

Alternative Metalle für die homogen katalysierte Hydroformylierung

“…Diesbezüglich konzentrieren sich die Forschungsbemühun-gen in erster Linie auf die Entwicklung hoch normal-selektiver Katalysatorsysteme. Die resultierenden linearen Aldehyde 2 bilden einen wertvollen Grundstock für die Synthese von Weichmachern, [2] wohingegen die verzweigten Produkte 2' wegen des Potenzials zur Generierung eines stereogenen Zentrums bei der Synthese von Pharmazeutika und Feinchemikalien von grçßerer Bedeutung sind. [3] Entdeckt wurde die Hydroformylierung 1938 vom deutschen Industriechemiker Otto Roelen.…”

“…[26] Schema 10. Generierung der katalytisch aktiven Spezies [h 5 -C 5 H 5 Ru(CO) 2 H] (14 a). [27] Abbildung 1.…”