Physical and bacterial controls on inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon during a sea ice growth and decay experiment

Zhou, Jiayun; Delille, Bruno; Kaartokallio, Hermanni; Kattner, Gerhard; Kuosa, Harri; Tison, Jean-Louis; Autio, Riitta; Dieckmann, Gerhard; Evers, Karl‐Ulrich; Jørgensen, Louise von Gersdorff; Kennedy, Hilary; Kotovitch, Marie; Luhtanen, Anne-Mari; Stedmon, Colin A.; Thomas, David N.

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.09.013

Cited by 21 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Some studies have reported a conservative behavior of DOC with salinity during ice formation Amon, 2004), while other studies report elevated stocks of DOC within the ice (e.g., Carlson and Hansell, 2003;Riedel et al, 2008;Zhou et al, 2014). We believe that the extremely low DOC concentrations in seawater in our study led to the low DOC levels observed in newly formed sea ice.…”

Section: Incorporation Of Dissolved Constituents: Conservative and Nomentioning

confidence: 46%

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Janssens

Meiners

Tison

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to the enrichment of Fe in sea ice have yet to be investigated and quantified. We conducted two in situ sea-ice growth experiments during a winter cruise in the Weddell Sea. Our aim was to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for the accumulation of dissolved Fe (DFe) and particulate Fe (PFe) in sea ice, and of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, extracellular polymeric substances, inorganic macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate and ammonium), chlorophyll a and bacteria. Enrichment indices, calculated for natural young ice and ice newly formed in situ, indicate that during Antarctic winter all of the measured forms of particulate matter were enriched in sea ice compared to underlying seawater, and that enrichment started from the initial stages of sea-ice formation. Some dissolved material (DFe and ammonium) was also enriched in the ice but at lower enrichment indices than the particulate phase, suggesting that size is a key factor for the incorporation of impurities in sea ice. Low chlorophyll a concentrations and the fit of the macro-nutrients (with the exception of ammonium) with their theoretical dilution lines indicated low biological activity in the ice. From these and additional results we conclude that physical processes are the dominant mechanisms leading to the enrichment of DFe, PFe, organic matter and bacteria in young sea ice, and that PFe and DFe are decoupled during sea-ice formation. Our study thus provides unique quantitative insight into the initial incorporation of impurities, in particular DFe and PFe, into Antarctic sea ice.

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Section: Incorporation Of Dissolved Constituents: Conservative and Nomentioning

confidence: 46%

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Janssens

Meiners

Tison

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…Despite the unusual ice texture of the samples (horizontal ice crystals), representative processes of the natural environment are shown with the conservative behavior (i.e., relative to salt) of macro-nutrients, except NH + 4 as previously observed in natural young ice samples (Janssens et al, 2016) and sea-ice tank experiments (Zhou et al, 2014). In this study, the geometry of the ice crystal grown at 3 different temperatures in the Ice texture Exp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…This is in contrast to the Antarctic sampling sites, where the organic matter in the water column is mainly autochtonous. Zhou et al (2014) showed that riverine DOM was less enriched in sea ice compared to autochtonous DOM, due to different molecular compositions, different affinity with other compounds, and with sea ice. Similarly, Müller et al (2013) showed that the degree of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) enrichment depends on the chemical characteristics of the DOM.…”

Section: Poc Pon and Epsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, more than the size, the important factor for enrichment of particles would be their physico-chemical properties and the tertiary structure/molecular composition/shape of the particles. Zhou et al (2014) suggested that organic matter is initially incorporated as particulate organic matter and then converted into DOM once in the ice. This process may be observed in the FSW + Algae treatment, with the transformation of POC into DOC by heterotrophic organisms, leading to lower EI POC than in (UV-)FSW + PFe.…”

Section: Effect Of Uv Treatment On Fe Incorporation Efficiency: Impormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ice tank experiments and laboratory ice-growth experiment are numerous (e.g., INTERICE experiments in Germany-e.g., Weissenberger and Grossmann, 1998;Krembs et al, 2002b;Geilfus et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2014; CRREL experiments in the United State of America-e.g., Kovacs, 1996;Loose et al, 2009; or SERF experiments in Canada-e.g., Galley et al, 2013;Else et al, 2015). To our knowledge, none of these studies have been conducted under the trace metal clean conditions needed to study Fe-associated processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Matter Controls of Iron Incorporation in Growing Sea Ice

et al. 2018

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This study presents the first laboratory-controlled sea-ice growth experiment conducted under trace metal clean conditions. The role played by organic matter in the incorporation of iron (Fe) into sea ice was investigated by means of laboratory ice-growth experiments using a titanium cold-finger apparatus. Experiments were also conducted to understand the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the enrichment of ammonium in sea ice. Sea ice was grown from several seawater solutions containing different quantities and qualities of particulate Fe (PFe), dissolved Fe (DFe) and organic matter. Sea ice and seawater were analyzed for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, macro-nutrients, EPS, PFe, and DFe, and particulate aluminum. The experiments showed that biogenic PFe is preferentially incorporated into sea ice compared to lithogenic PFe. Furthermore, sea ice grown from ultra-violet (UV) and non-UV treated seawaters exhibits contrasting incorporation rates of organic matter and Fe. Whereas, the effects of UV-treatments were not always significant, we do find indications that the type or organic matter controls the enrichment of Fe in forming sea ice. Specifically, we come to the conclusion that the incorporation of DFe is favored by the presence of organic ligands in the source solution.

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Biogeochemical Impact of Snow Cover and Cyclonic Intrusions on the Winter Weddell Sea Ice Pack

et al. 2017

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Sea ice is a dynamic biogeochemical reactor and a double interface actively interacting with both the atmosphere and the ocean. However, proper understanding of its annual impact on exchanges, and therefore potentially on the climate, notably suffer from the paucity of autumnal and winter data sets. Here we present the results of physical and biogeochemical investigations on winter Antarctic pack ice in the Weddell Sea (R. V. Polarstern AWECS cruise, June–August 2013) which are compared with those from two similar studies conducted in the area in 1986 and 1992. The winter 2013 was characterized by a warm sea ice cover due to the combined effects of deep snow and frequent warm cyclones events penetrating southward from the open Southern Ocean. These conditions were favorable to high ice permeability and cyclic events of brine movements within the sea ice cover (brine tubes), favoring relatively high chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentrations. We discuss the timing of this algal activity showing that arguments can be presented in favor of continued activity during the winter due to the specific physical conditions. Large‐scale sea ice model simulations also suggest a context of increasingly deep snow, warm ice, and large brine fractions across the three observational years, despite the fact that the model is forced with a snowfall climatology. This lends support to the claim that more severe Antarctic sea ice conditions, characterized by a longer ice season, thicker, and more concentrated ice are sufficient to increase the snow depth and, somehow counterintuitively, to warm the ice.

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Physical and bacterial controls on inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon during a sea ice growth and decay experiment

Cited by 21 publications

References 63 publications

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Organic Matter Controls of Iron Incorporation in Growing Sea Ice

Biogeochemical Impact of Snow Cover and Cyclonic Intrusions on the Winter Weddell Sea Ice Pack

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