Physical and chemical characterization of Dead Sea mud

Khlaifat, Abdelaziz; Al-Khashman, Omar Ali; Qutob, Hani

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2010.02.015

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Khoury, 2002). It is also referred to as 'lime carbonates' (Frydman et al, 2008) because of the high content of carbonate minerals (Khlaifat et al, 2010). It even contains idiomorphic halite (NaCl) crystals, in places up to 50 % by volume.…”

Section: Qualitative Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

et al. 2017

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Ground subsidence and sinkhole collapse are phenomena affecting regions of karst geology worldwide. The rapid development of such phenomena around the Dead Sea in the last four decades poses a major geological hazard to the local population, agriculture and industry. Nonetheless many aspects of this hazard are still incompletely described and understood, especially on the eastern Dead Sea shore. In this work, we present a first low altitude (< 150 m above ground) aerial photogrammetric survey with a Helikite Balloon at the sinkhole area of Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan. We provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of a new, high resolution digital surface model (5 cm px −1) and orthophoto of this area (2.1 km 2). We also outline the factors affecting the quality and accuracy of this approach. Our analysis reveals a kilometer-scale sinuous depression bound partly by flexure and partly by nontectonic faults. The estimated minimum volume loss of this subsided zone is 1.83 • 10 6 m 3 with an average subsidence rate of 0.21 m yr −1 over the last 25 years. Sinkholes in the surveyed area are localized mainly within this depression. The sinkholes are commonly elliptically shaped (mean eccentricity 1.31) and clustered (nearest neighbor ratio 0.69). Their morphologies and orientations depend on the type of sediment they form in: in mud, sinkholes have a low depth to diameter ratio (0.14) and a long-axis azimuth of NNE-NE. In alluvium, sinkholes have a higher ratio (0.4) and are orientated NNW-N. From field work, we identify actively evolving artesian springs and channelized, sediment-laden groundwater flows that appear locally in the main depression. Consequently, subrosion, i.e. subsurface mechanical erosion, is identified as a key physical process, in addition to dissolution, behind the subsidence and sinkhole hazard. Furthermore, satellite image analysis links the development of the sinuous depression and sinkhole formation at Ghor Al-Haditha to preferential groundwater flow paths along ancient and current wadi riverbeds.

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Section: Qualitative Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

et al. 2017

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“…Prav tako lahko v peloidu iz zaliva Makirina izpostavimo tudi prisotnost organizmov, kot so {koljke, saj se njihove biserne plasti (nacre), predvsem v tradicionalni (kitajski) medicini, že dolgo uporabljajo kot sredstvo za pospe{evanje regeneracije kože (lee et al, 2012). Karbonatni minerali prevladujejo tudi v zdravilnem blatu iz Mrtvega morja (Khlaifat et al, 2010) (Komar et al, in press). Ker zna{a KIK glinenih mineralov, kot je ilit, med 10 in 40 meq/100g (WeaVer & pollard, 1973), je ta najverjetneje povezana z vsebnostjo organske snovi v peloidu.…”

Section: Zrnavost Mineralna Sestava In Kationska Izmenjevalna Kapaciunclassified

Makirina bay peloid (N Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia) – its potential use in balneotherapy

Komar¹,

Dolenec²,

Vrhovnik³

et al. 2014

Geologija

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Klju~ne besede: peloid, zaliv Makirina, potencialno toksi~ni elementi (PTE), bento{ka alga Codium bursa, faktor prenosa (TF) Key words: peloid, Makirina bay, potentially toxic elements (PTE), benthic algae Codium bursa, transfer factor (TF) Izvle~ekRecentne morske sedimente iz zaliva Makirina lahko glede na njihove organolepti~ne lastnosti obravnavamo kot zdravilno blato ali peloid, ki ga nekateri doma~ini in turisti že uporabljajo v obliki blatnih oblog. Uporaba peloidov v balneoterapiji je namenjena predvsem zdravljenju mi{i~nih, kostnih in kožnih obolenj ter spro{~anju in velnesu. Številne nedavne raziskave peloidov so pokazale, da so eni izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki pogojujejo (ne)uporabo peloida v balneoterapevtske namene, zrnavost, mineralo{ka sestava, kationska izmenjevalna kapaciteta (KIK), elementna in mikrobiolo{ka sestava izvornega »geolo{kega materiala«. Iz rezultatov predhodnih raziskav je razvidno, da peloid iz zaliva Makirina gradi zelo slabo sortiran pe{~en mulj z visoko kationsko izmenjevalno kapaciteto (63,82 meq/100g). V mineralni sestavi peloida prevladujeta dolomit in kremen, sledijo ilit/muskovit, aragonit, kalcit, halit in pirit. Povpre~ne koncentracije potencialno toksi~nih elementov (PTE) v peloidu iz zaliva Makirina, dolo~enih v tokratni raziskavi zna{ajo: As (17,6 mg/kg), Cr (92,09 mg/kg), Cu (44,5 mg/kg), Mo (31,8 mg/kg), Pb (28,9 mg/kg) in Zn (69,2 mg/kg) in so primerljive z rezultati preteklih {tudij. Koncentracije PTE v bento{ki algi Codium bursi (C. bursa) so slede~e: As (8,8 mg/kg), Cr (15,7 mg/kg), Cu (5,6 mg/kg), Mo (0,7 mg/kg), Pb (3,6 mg/kg) in Zn (16,3 mg/kg). Izra~unani faktorji prenosa (TF) za PTE iz povr{inskega peloida (0-5 cm) v bento{ko algo C. burso so manj{i od 1, kar pomeni, da se PTE iz peloida ne prena{ajo oziroma se v C. bursi ne akumulirajo. Rezultati prisotnosti koliformnih bakterij in E. coli se ujemajo s preteklimi rezultati, ki so pokazali, da jih v peloidu ni, kar nakazuje, da peloid ni fekalno kontaminiran. Peloid iz zaliva Makirina ima (z izjemo povi{anih koncentracij Cr in Mo) primerljive lastnosti s peloidi, ki se trenutno že uspe{no uporabljajo v razli~nih spa-centrih po svetu, vendar je treba pred potencialno uporabo opraviti dodatne raziskave, kot je na primer dolo~itev mobilnosti Cr in Mo. AbstractRecent marine sediments from Makirina bay are according to their organoleptic properties, treated as peloid or healing mud, already frequently used by local people and tourists as pomades. The application of peloids in balneotherapy is mainly intended for therapeutic treatment generally related to muscle-bone skin pathologies and purposes of wellness and relaxation. Recent studies point out that one of the main factors determining the final characteristics of peloids are grain size distribution, mineralogy, cation exchange capacity (CEC), elemental and microbiological composition of initial »geological material«. As reported by previous studies Makirina Bay peloid is represented mostly by sandy silt with relatively high CEC value (63.82 meq/100g). Peloid m...

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“…The red and black star indicates the position of the Numeira Mud Factory, which is now defunct after being destroyed by sinkhole formation at the site. clay minerals; predominantly kaolinite, smectite and illite (20 %-30 %); and quartz (20 %-40 %), with smaller percentage contents of evaporites (predominantly halite), hydrated organic material and silt (Khlaifat et al, 2010;Khoury, 2002;Salameh et al, 2019;Sneh, 1979;Yechieli et al, 1993). Interbedded in a spatially variable proportion with these marly layers are distributed lenses or layers of evaporites, such as halite and gypsum, up to 1 m in thickness in channel exposures (Al-Halbouni et al, 2017).…”

Section: Tectonic and Hydro-geological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea

et al. 2019

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Abstract. Enclosed topographic depressions are characteristic of karst landscapes on Earth. The developmental relationship between depression types, such as sinkholes (dolines) and uvalas, has been the subject of debate, mainly because the long developmental timescales in classical limestone karst settings impede direct observation. Here we characterize the morphometric properties and spatio-temporal development of ∼1150 sinkholes and five uvalas formed from ∼1980 to 2017 in an evaporite karst setting along the eastern coast of the hypersaline Dead Sea (at Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan). The development of sinkhole populations and individual uvalas is intertwined in terms of onset, evolution and cessation. The sinkholes commonly develop in clusters, within which they may coalesce to form compound or nested sinkholes. In general, however, the uvalas are not defined by coalescence of sinkholes. Although each uvala usually encloses several clusters of sinkholes, it develops as a larger-scale, gentler and structurally distinct depression. The location of new sinkholes and uvalas shows a marked shoreline-parallel migration with time, followed by a marked shoreline-perpendicular (i.e. seaward) growth with time. These observations are consistent with theoretical predictions of karstification controlled by a laterally migrating interface between saturated and undersaturated groundwater, as induced by the 35 m fall in the Dead Sea water level since 1967. More generally, our observations indicate that uvalas and the sinkhole populations within them, although morphometrically distinct, can develop near-synchronously by subsidence in response to subsurface erosion.

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Physical and chemical characterization of Dead Sea mud

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

Makirina bay peloid (N Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia) – its potential use in balneotherapy

Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea

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