“…This pre-harvesting action generates ashes containing different toxic compounds, including pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. anthracene, benzopyrene and fluoranthene) (Assuncao et al, 2014;Cristale et al, 2012), and trace metal and metalloid elements such as potassium (K), aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si) and sulphur (S) (Mazzoli-Rocha et al, 2008;Oo et al, 2021). Sugarcane ashes (SCA), in addition to degrading soil, can also be carried to aquatic ecosystems through water runoff after rainfall events (Martinelli & Filoso, 2008;Nunes et al, 2017;Rose & Rippey, 2002).…”