Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Parts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Abstract

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of leaf, stem, and root of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) were determined. Nutrient composition, reducing sugar, saponin, mineral, heavy metal, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities based on DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay were measured. Catechins, gingerols, shogaols, and capsaicin compositions were also determined by HPLC. The contents of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, and ash from ginger root were 6. 4, 6.8, 3.2, 65.4, 7.3, and 18.2%, respectively. Crude fiber contents of leaf and stem were 4～5 times higher than those of root (P<0.05), and reducing sugar content of stem was about 3 times higher than those of root. Crude saponin contents were in the order of stem< root< leaf, and saponin content of leaf was 1.7 times higher than that of root (P<0.05). Mineral contents and composition varied among different parts, and Ca contents of leaf and stem were 5 times higher than that of root. The 6-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 8-shogaol contents of leaf and stem were identified by HPLC, and 8-shogaol content of leaf was 5 times higher than that of root (P<0.05). The major fatty acids in ginger were palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Lauric acid was only detected in root, arachidic acid was not detected in stem, and the linoleic acid content of leaf was 5 times higher than that of root. The total catechin content of methanol extract was in the order of root< leaf< stem, and stem was about 30 times higher than that of root. Antioxidant activity was highly correlated with total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Based on these experiments, it can be concluded that leaf, stem, as well as root of ginger can be used as natural preservatives, and they can be developed as healthy foods due to their antioxidant activities and abundant polyphenols. This study suggests that the whole ginger plant, including root, leaf, and stem, might be new functional vegetables.

Ma Huang Tang Suppresses the Production and Expression of Inflammatory Chemokines via Downregulating STAT1 Phosphorylation in HaCaT Keratinocytes

“…The main ingredients of the MHT are known as follows: alkaloids (e.g., ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) from Ephedrae Herba [11], coumarin (e.g., coumarin, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde) from Cinnamomi Ramulus [12, 13], triterpene saponins (e.g., glycyrrhizin) and flavonoids (e.g., liquiritin and liquiritigenin) from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma [14], cyanoglucosides (e.g., amygdalin) from Armeniacae Semen [11], phenols (e.g., 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol) from Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus [15], and phenylpropanoids (e.g., ferulic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., kaempferol) from Allii Radix [16]. Among the various ingredients, we try simultaneous determination of the nine components ephedrine HCl, amygdalin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, coumarin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, and 6-gingerol in MHT water extract by a HPLC–PDA method.…”

Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Compounds of Several Tissues of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) Grown in Korea

“…Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined as described by Lee and others (). Briefly, each extract was dissolved into distilled water to a concentration of 10 mg/mL (root, twig, and leaf samples) or 50 mg/mL (fruit samples), and 20 μL of each sample was then added to 200 μL diethylene glycol; this mixture was then added to 20 μL 1 N NaOH and incubated in a water bath at 40 °C for 1 h. The absorbance of each sample was measured at 420 nm using an ELISA plate reader (VersaMax Molecular Devices).…”

Potential inhibitory effects of the traditional herbal prescription Hyangso-san against skin inflammation via inhibition of chemokine production and inactivation of STAT1 in HaCaT keratinocytes

“…the sesquiterpenoids atractylenolide I and III from Atractylodis Rhizoma (34); the flavonoid hesperidin from Citri Unshii Pericarpium (35); the triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizin and the flavonoids liquiritin and liquiritigenin from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (36); the phenol 6-gingerol from Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus (37); the phenylpropanoid ferulic acid and the flavonoid kaempferol from Allii Radix (38). Simultaneous analysis of six compounds (liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, glycyrrhizin and atractylenolide III) in the HSS sample demonstrated that hesperidin was detected as the major compound (5.40 mg/g).…”