Physicopharmacological interventions for reducing propofol-induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults

Comparison of the effects of lidocaine pre-administration and local warming of the intravenous access site on propofol injection pain: Randomized, double-blind controlled trial

“…Our findings of the decreased propofol injection pain following lidocaine pre-administration are similar to prior findings (Euasobhon et al, 2016;Jalota et al, 2011). In addition, our findings show that local warming decreases pain VCS, pain NRS and SPI for propofol injection pain.…”

“…Most previous studies assessed pain intensity using a four-point scale (Ahmad et al,;Euasobhon et al, 2016;Jeon, 2012), with two studies assessing pain through an 11-point scale (Kim et al, 2013;Mallick et al, 2007). The latter studies did not provide precise data (mean and standard deviation) to estimate the effect size in an ANOVA model.…”

“…Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that features a rapid onset and emergence, but which causes intravenous injection pain (Doenicke et al, 1996;Euasobhon et al, 2016). This pain is a perioperative discomfort to surgical patients and anesthetic personnel (Macario et al, 1999).…”

“…Injection of lidocaine into a vein, either mixed with propofol or followed by propofol, is effective in reducing the incidence and intensity of propofol injection-related pain (Euasobhon et al, 2016). Less common lidocaine treatment-related adverse effects include redness or swelling at the Page 5 of 31 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i intravenous access site (Ahmad et al, 2013).…”

“…Few studies have compared propofol injection pain between lidocaine administration and local warming. Most prior studies used four-point verbal categorial scoring (VCS) because of time constraints; pain assessment should be completed within 10-15 sec after propofol injection (Ahmad et al, 2013;Euasobhon et al, Page 6 of 31 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i 2016; Jeon, 2012). As average, standard deviation and mean difference are usually meaningless in ordinary-level data such as fourpoint VCS, which cannot precisely evaluate the differences between comparison groups.…”