Physiological and pathophysiological role of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus

Ferone, Diego; Hagen, P. Martin van; Pivonello, Rosario; Colao, Annamaria; Lamberts, Steven W. J.; Hofland, Leo J.

doi:10.1530/eje.0.143s027

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Both SST 2 and SST 3 transcripts have been detected in freshly isolated human thymocytes (27). In contrast, human peripheral blood B-and T-lymphocytes express only SST 3 .…”

Section: Somatostatin Receptors In the Haematopoietic Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

Somatostatin receptors in the haematopoietic system

Oomen¹,

Hofland²,

Hagen

et al. 2000

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Both SST 2 and SST 3 transcripts have been detected in freshly isolated human thymocytes (27). In contrast, human peripheral blood B-and T-lymphocytes express only SST 3 .…”

Section: Somatostatin Receptors In the Haematopoietic Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

Somatostatin receptors in the haematopoietic system

Oomen¹,

Hofland²,

Hagen

et al. 2000

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…1). In the thymus, autoreactive T lymphocytes undergo negative selection and elimination [4], and a subset of Treg is generated [47]. Several neuropeptides are present in the thymus, released by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers, thymic epithelial cells, macrophages, DCs, and lymphocytes themselves [6,12,54].…”

Section: Regulation Of Immunity By the Desmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This research direction was taken as early as the DES began to be characterized, when neuroendocrine cells were found in lymphoid organs and neuroendocrine mediators (biogenic amines, neuropeptides) and their receptors in immune cells, suggesting the existence of a neuroendocrine modulation of immune functions, based on a biochemical language of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals [4]. As exemplified by somatostatin receptors (SSTR) 1–5 (fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffuse Endocrine System, Neuroendocrine Tumors and Immunity: What’s New?

Ameri

Ferone²

2012

Neuroendocrinology

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During the last two decades, research into the modulation of immunity by the neuroendocrine system has flourished, unravelling significant effects of several neuropeptides, including somatostatin (SRIH), and especially cortistatin (CST), on immune cells. Scientists have learnt that the diffuse neuroendocrine system can regulate the immune system at all its levels: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and maintenance of immune tolerance. Compelling studies with animal models have demonstrated that some neuropeptides may be effective in treating inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis, and T helper 1-driven autoimmune diseases, like Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, the latest findings concerning the neuroendocrine control of the immune system are discussed, with emphasis on SRIH and CST. The second part of the review deals with the immune response to neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The anti-NET immune response has been described in the last years and it is still being characterized, similarly to what is happening for several other types of cancer. In parallel with investigations addressing the mechanisms by which the immune system contrasts NET growth and spreading, ground-breaking clinical trials of dendritic cell vaccination as immunotherapy for metastatic NETs have shown in principle that the immune reaction to NETs can be exploited for treatment.

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“…SSTRs have been found in normal human lymphoid tissues, including that of the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, whereas SST-secreting epithelial cells were also located in macrophages both in cortical and medullar sections of the thymus [183,187,188]. Among the various cell types in the thymus, F4/80-producing macrophage and dendritic cells were found capable of producing preprosomatostatin [189].…”

Section: Sst and Sstrs In Type 1 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the differentiation and maturation of the specific T-cell repertoire and hence immunocompetent cells [183,184]. During development, the thymus exhibits an aging behavior with reducing thymocytes and thymic dendritic cells, whereas the number of thymic epithelial cells remains unchanged [185].…”

Section: Sst and Sstrs In Type 1 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatostatin receptors and autoimmune‐mediated diabetes

Wang

Norman

Brunicardi

2004

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Somatostatin (SST) peptide is produced by various SST-secreting cells throughout the body and acts as a neurotransmitter or paracrine/autocrine regulator in response to ions, nutrients, peptides hormones and neurotransmitters. SST is also widely distributed in the periphery to regulate the inflammatory and immune cells in response to hormones, growth factors, cytokines and other secretive molecules. SST peptides are considered the most important physiologic regulator of the islet cell, gastrointestinal cell and immune cell functions, and the importance of SST production levels has been implicated in several diseases including diabetes. The expression of SST receptors has also been found in T lymphocytes and primary immunologic organs. Interaction of SST and its receptors is also involved in T-cell proliferation and thymocyte selection. SSTR gene-ablated mice developed diabetes with morphologic, physiologic and immunologic alterations in the endocrine pancreas. Increased levels of mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets are associated with the increased levels of antigen-presenting cells located in the islets and peripancreatic lymph nodes. Increased levels of SST were also found in antigen-presenting cells and are associated with a significant increase of CD8 expression levels on CD4(+)/CD8(+) immature thymocytes. These findings highlight the crucial role of this neuroendocrine peptide and its receptors in regulating autoimmune functions.

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Physiological and pathophysiological role of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus

Cited by 28 publications

References 67 publications

Somatostatin receptors in the haematopoietic system

Somatostatin receptors in the haematopoietic system

Diffuse Endocrine System, Neuroendocrine Tumors and Immunity: What’s New?

Somatostatin receptors and autoimmune‐mediated diabetes

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