Physiological Response to Crystalloid Resuscitation of Severe Burns

Baxter, Charles R.; Shires, Tom

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb14738.x

Cited by 449 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…Over the next decades, Doctor Shires and his colleagues worked tirelessly to improve the surgical approach to burn wounds, fluid resuscitation, control of infection, support of the hypermetabolic response, nutritional support, treatment of inhalation injury, and rehabilitation [1,3,4]. One of his prominent achievements was the Parkland formula for fluid resuscitation after burn injury [5], today the most widely used schema, which recommends 4 mL of Ringer's lactate=kg=% TBSA in the first 24 h after a burn [5]. Doctor Shires also established burn centers at the University of Washington Harborview Medical Center in Seattle and The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in New York City, where he was Chairman of Surgery from 1976 to 1991 (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emerging Infections in Burns

Branski

Al-Mousawi

Rivero

et al. 2009

Surgical Infections

294

174

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Background: Patients who suffer severe burns are at higher risk for local and systemic infections. In recent years, emerging resistant pathogens have forced burn care providers world wide to search for alternative forms of treatment. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and various fungal strains have been the major contributors to the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. Multi-drugresistant S. aureus remains the major cause of gram-positive burn wound infections world wide. Treatment strategies include rigorous isolation protocols and new types of antibiotics where necessary. Methods: We reviewed 398 severely burned patients (burns >40% total body surface area [TBSA]) admitted to our hospital between 2000 and 2006. Patients who did not contract multi-drug-resistant gram-negative organisms during their hospital course and received our standard antibiotic regimen-vancomycin and piperacillin= tazobactam-served as controls (piperacillin=tazobactam; n ¼ 280). The treatment group consisted of patients who, during their acute hospital stay, developed infections with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens and were treated with vancomycin and colistin for at least three days (colistin; n ¼ 118). Results: Gram-negative organisms continue to cause the most severe infections in burn patients. Colistin has reemerged as a highly effective antibiotic against multiresistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter infections of burns. Patients who required colistin therapy had a significantly larger average total and full-thickness burn than patients treated with piperacillin=tazobactam and vancomycin, and the mortality rate was significantly higher in the colistin group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the colistin and piperacillin= tazobactam groups in the incidence of neurotoxicity, hepatic toxicity, or nephrotoxicity. The main fungal pathogens in burn patients are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Fusarium spp. A definitive diagnosis is more difficult to obtain than in bacterial infections. Amphotericin B and voriconazole remain the two most important anti-fungal substances in our practice. Conclusions: Innovations in fluid management, ventilatory support, surgical care, and antimicrobial therapy have contributed to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality rates in burn patients. Vancomycin and clindamycin are the two most important reserve antibiotics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Oxazolidinones and streptogramins have showed high effectiveness against gram-positive infections. Colistin has re-emerged as a highly effective antibiotic against multiresistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter infections. Current challenges include Candida, Aspergillus, and molds. The development of new agents, prudent and appropriate use of antibiotics, and better infection control protocols are paramount in the ongoing battle against multi-resistant organisms.

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confidence: 99%

Emerging Infections in Burns

Branski

Al-Mousawi

Rivero

et al. 2009

Surgical Infections

294

174

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“…This practice is still considered a reasonable initial approach and many formulae have been developed for this purpose. The Parkland Formula, now recognized as the Consensus Formula, has been the favoured technique since its introduction by Baxter and Shires in 1968 [22]. However, a correlation between IAP and total administered fluid volume has been reported [8,23].…”

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confidence: 99%

Incidence and prognosis of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients: Pilot study and review of the literature

Wise

Jacobs²,

Pilate³

et al. 2016

Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther

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Background: Burn patients are at high risk for secondary intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) due to capillary leak and large volume fluid resuscitation. Our objective was to examine the incidence the incidence of IAH and ACS and their relation to outcome in mechanically ventilated (MV) burn patients. Methods: This observational study included all MV burn patients admitted between April 2007 and December 2009. Various physiological parameters, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements and severity scoring indices were recorded on admission and/or each day in ICU. Transpulmonary thermodilution parameters were also obtained in 23 patients. The mean and maximum IAP during admission was calculated. The primary endpoint was ICU (burn unit) mortality. Results: Fifty-six patients were included. The average Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were 43.4 ± 15.1 and 6.4 ± 3.4, respectively. The average total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns was 24.9% ( ± 24.9), with 33 patients suffering inhalational injuries. Forty-four (78.6%) patients developed IAH and 16 (28.6%) suffered ACS. Patients with ACS had higher TBSAs burned (35.8 ± 30 vs 20.6 ± 21.4%, P = 0.04) and higher cumulative fluid balances after 48 hours (13.6 ± 16L vs 7.6 ± 4.1L, P = 0.03). The TBSA burned correlated well with the mean IAP (R = 0.34, P = 0.01). Mortality was notably high (26.8%) and significantly higher in patients with IAH (34.1%, P = 0.014) and ACS (62.5%, P < 0.0001). Most patients received more fluids than calculated by the Parkland Consensus Formula while, interestingly, non-survivors received less. However, when patients with pure inhalation injury were excluded there were no differences. Non-surgical interventions (n = 24) were successful in removing body fluids and were related to a significant decrease in IAP, central venous pressure (CVP) and an improvement in oxygenation and urine output. Non-resolution of IAH was associated with a significantly worse outcome (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Based on our preliminary results we conclude that IAH and ACS have a relatively high incidence in MV burn patients compared to other groups of critically ill patients. The percentage of TBSA burned correlates with the mean IAP. The combination of high CLI, positive (daily and cumulative) fluid balance, high IAP, high EVLWI and low APP suggest a poor outcome. Non-surgical interventions appear to improve end-organ function. Non-resolution of IAH is related to a worse outcome.

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“…BURN INJURY INITIATES A SERIES of pathophysiological changes, including left ventricular (LV) contractile dysfunction (1,2,5,16). Specifically, a progressive fall in LV contractile function despite aggressive fluid resuscitation has been reported in both clinical and experimental studies of burn injury (9,11).…”

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confidence: 99%