Physique Index for Japanese Macaques(Macaca fuscata): Age Change and Regional Variation.

Hamada, Yohei; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi; Iwamoto, Mitsuo

doi:10.1537/ase.104.305

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The testis produces sperm and secretes steroid hormones and its volume is considered to reflect the state of these functions (Nigi et al 1980). Although there are some studies on testicular size variation in macaques (Sade 1964;Glick 1979;Nigi et al 1980;Matsubayashi and Mochizuki 1982;Matsubayashi and Enomoto 1983;Hamada et al 1996), the details of seasonal change and individual variation in testicular development have not been examined. The nipple appears to change due to growth, sexual maturation, aging, seasonality, and reproductive physiology (menstrual cycle and pregnancy) as mediated by several hormones and lactation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in testicular and nipple volume related to age and seasonality in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), especially in the pre- and post-pubertal periods

et al. 2004

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We investigated, longitudinally and cross-sectionally, age and seasonal change in both the testis and nipple volume of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in relation to concentration profiles of gonadal steroids: testosterone (T) in males and progesterone (P) in females. Testicular volume (TV) and nipple volume (NV) showed rapid growth at puberty, 4.5 and 3.5 years of age in males and females, respectively, but in both sexes there were precocious individuals. The testis as a whole matures at about 10 years of age. TV change is closely related to T concentration profile. The pattern of TV change is composed of maturation and seasonal effects, with individual variation evident mainly in the latter. Some individuals show a simple pattern consisting of one peak in the breeding season (from summer to winter) and one trough in the non-breeding season. Other individuals exhibit a more complicated pattern composed of two or more peaks and troughs before and during the breeding season. The nipple matures at about 7 years but it is difficult to determine the exact maturational age as there are many confounding factors relating to NV. NV shows seasonal fluctuations similar to that of TV. Many animals have periods of substantial growth whereas others do not. The NV in adults from 10 to 25 years does not appear to change much with age, but animals older than 25 years of age have significantly smaller nipples. Seasonal fluctuation in NV mirrors that of the P level. Considered to be controlled by estrogen and P, the NV is a good indicator of the physiological status of reproduction, with its peak about 2 weeks earlier than that of P, that is, at the mid-follicular phase. NV and P level show a similar pattern in pregnancy; from conception, indicated by a P peak, NV and P concentration first decrease, then they increase until peri-parturition and slowly decrease again until the next breeding season.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in testicular and nipple volume related to age and seasonality in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), especially in the pre- and post-pubertal periods

et al. 2004

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“…These results are summarized in Table 2. The physique index (Hamada et al 1996) was significantly correlated with percentage fat mass in female Japanese macaques: 1:05 Â BM ðkgÞ Â ATL ðmmÞ À2:3 Â 10 7 ;…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Hazama 1964;Altmann and Alberts 1987). Linear dimensions, however, are required for the calculation of more useful proxy indices, such as body mass and physique indices (Hamada et al 1996), and the latter can be converted into a fat mass ratio (Hamada et al 2003). Both these indices are based on the stature of humans or body length in nonhuman primates, which is difficult to measure in free-ranging animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While Mori (1979) used a horizontal bar for the monkey to traverse and set the camera perpendicular to the bar, his landmarks, the occipital end of head and the upper end of the ischial callosity, cannot be determined from photographs without error. Furthermore, he used a curvometer to obtain a body length, but such a body length cannot be converted to a somatometric body length, such as crown-rump length (C-RL) or anterior trunk length (ATL), as required in order to calculate a physique index (Hamada et al 1996). We modified Mori's method, and then tested the applicability of this new method through comparison with C-RL or ATL in adult female, habituated, free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A photogrammetric method to evaluate nutritional status without capture in habituated free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): a pilot study

et al. 2011

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The quantification of nutritional status (e.g., total body fat) of animals is difficult, because the linear dimension (body length) required for the calculation of proxy parameters, such as the physique or body mass indices, cannot be measured without capture. One solution is photogrammetry of body length, provided the following two criteria are met: (1) the camera axes and subject are oriented vertically, and (2) anatomical landmarks are easily identified with low measurement error. By modifying Mori's (Primates 20:371-397, 1979) approach, we devised an accurate photogrammetric method that uses a horizontal bar with an attached ruler for the monkey to traverse, and the anatomical landmarks of the eye and upper border of the ischial callosity to measure body length. We tested the applicability of this method on 11 adult female, habituated, free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Somatometric body length (crown-rump length and anterior trunk length) was statistically compared with the body length obtained using photogrammetry. The significant correlation of the photogrammetric body length with each somatometric measurement verified that the former could be employed to calculate various indices that are used to characterize fat mass (nutritional status) in Japanese macaques. The advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetry are also discussed.

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“…The Boso population inhabits an area with a warm-temperate climate with very little snow, while the Shimane population inhabits a cool-temperate climate with moderate snow. Body sizes differ between the two populations (Hamada et al 1996), presumably partly related to genetic differences (Nozawa et al 1996). We analyzed a series of body size measurements such as body mass, thoracic and femoris circumferences, skinfold thickness in four places (triceps, biceps femoris, subscapular, and abdomen), and the wet mass of mesenteric and omental fat to assess the nutritional condition of animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation and sex differences in the nutritional status in two local populations of wild Japanese macaques

2006

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Seasonal variations and sex differences in the nutritional status in two local populations of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) were examined. It was hypothesized that the ecological condition and/or reproductive strategies of each sex determine the nutritional condition and its seasonal fluctuation in each sex. Morphometric measures such as body mass, thoracic and femoris circumferences, skinfold thickness in four places (triceps, biceps femoris, subscapular, and abdomen), and wet mass of mesenteric and omental fat were used for comparisons between sexes, seasons, and populations. Animals of the Shimane population were larger than those of the Boso population in most morphometric measures, abdominal skinfold, and mesenteric and omental fat mass, suggesting environmental and/or genetic differences in the two populations. Females of both populations had larger skinfolds and mesenteric and omental fat mass than males, indicating that females had more fat than males. Females showed seasonality in most measures, having two peaks of body mass, thoracic and femoris circumferences, abdominal skinfold, and mesenteric and omental fat masses in early spring and late fall. In contrast, males exhibited no clear seasonal variations for most measurements, except for biceps femoris and subscapular skinfolds, which showed peaks in summer. Most morphometric measurements significantly correlated to each other, particularly in females, but most skinfolds had no correlation with other measurements. These findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in body composition and its fluctuation may be affected by the different reproductive strategies of males and females.

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Physique Index for Japanese Macaques(Macaca fuscata): Age Change and Regional Variation.

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Changes in testicular and nipple volume related to age and seasonality in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), especially in the pre- and post-pubertal periods

Changes in testicular and nipple volume related to age and seasonality in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), especially in the pre- and post-pubertal periods

A photogrammetric method to evaluate nutritional status without capture in habituated free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): a pilot study

Seasonal variation and sex differences in the nutritional status in two local populations of wild Japanese macaques

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