Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi) against Pathogenic Bacteria in Aquaculture

Abstract

The success rate of aquaculture is highly influenced by several factors, including optimum water quality, feed management, and microorganism control. Several microorganisms interfere with the quality of media and fish culture, i.e., fish growth. Aeromonas and Vibrio are the main pathogenic bacteria that disrupt fish growth and cause mortality. Sidr leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) extract contains phytochemicals that have antibacterial properties. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical components and analyze the effect of Sidr leaf extract on the growth of aquaculture-based pathogenic bacteria. Sidr leaf extract was obtained using ethanol and tested via phytochemical analysis, chemical analysis, prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) examination, and inhibition capability against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus. The results showed that Sidr leaf extract contained phytochemicals, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the Sidr leaf extract contained 30 compounds with antiseborrheic effects. PASS analysis demonstrated that 15 compounds (64.51% level) have potential as antibacterial, with a probability activity value of more than 0.300. The inhibition test showed that the Sidr leaf extract exhibited moderate-to-strong inhibition against pathogenic bacterial growth, except for V. vulnificus, for which it produced a weak inhibition. The results indicate that Sidr leaf extract can be used as a natural herb to control bacterial pathogens in fish cultivation.

Ethnopharmacology, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: A Review

“…Different parts of Z. spina have been reported in several studies to contain diverse classes of phytochemicals. The leaves obtained from Indonesia [ 29 , 83 ] as well as other parts of the world [ 70 , 85 ], were reported to have shown the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenes. The presence of monosaccharides, reducing sugars, pentose, ketosis, deoxy sugars, and indole alkaloids were reported in the leaves collected from the Plateau state, Nigeria [ 122 , 164 ].…”

The Effect of Adding Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Sidr Leaf Extract (Ziziphus spina-christi) (CPNs SLE) in Diet on Pangasius sp. Infected Aeromonas hydrophila

“…The observed reduction in inflammation is attributed to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds in CNPs of SLE [24]. The anti-inflammatory compounds in SLE, including Neophytadiene, a terpenoid derivative [12]. Previous research support this by affirming the anti-inflammatory activity of Neophytadiene compounds and their role in wound healing [25].…”

“…All CNPs SLE-inclusive treatments showed improved survival rates compared to treatment A, attributed to the presence of phytochemicals like flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in CNPs SLE. Antibacterial compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids [12] act by destroying the cell membrane's integrity and triggering intracellular leakage [39]. This is done by accumulating hydrophobic groups on the phospholipids, causing cell death.…”

“…The management of A. hydrophila can be achieved by administering herbal ingredients possessing antibacterial properties, such as sidr leaves. Sidr leaf extract (SLE) exhibits antibacterial effects due to its content of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids [12]. The incorporation of bioactive compounds via oral feed is considered an optimal approach in fish farming.…”