Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxic activity of Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) against prostate (PC3 and PC3-M) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Cnidoscolus quercifolis: A Review

“…The presence of anthracene derivatives, anthraquinones, xanthines, and saponins was also observed [11]. In this sense, it can be emphasized that the main representatives of the classes of secondary metabolites found in C. quercifolius are flavonoids and terpenes (triterpenes and diterpenes) [17,51]. A compilation of all chemical compounds reported for the species is provided in Table 1, and their respective structural formulas are shown in the Supplementary Materials, Figure S1.…”

“…The diterpenes dehydroabietal (14) (29.9%) and abietadiene (15) (21.4%) were already in the peels. Oliveira-Júnior et al [49] also identified several compounds in leaves (16,17, and stem bark (18-23, 99-103, 105, 106, 108, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119-121, 122, 126-151), including the oxidative stress indicators β-ionone (16) and dihydroactinidiolide (17) and the triterpenes lupeol (18) and diploptene (19). In addition, the authors identified, for the first time in a species of the genus Cnidoscolus, the diterpenes sandaracopimaradiene (20), 13-methyl-17-norcaur-15-ene (21), kaur-16-ene (22), and dehydroabiethane (23).…”

“…The physicochemical characteristics of the oil from the seeds of C. quercifolius were also analyzed in some studies [17,27,33,36,39,[54][55][56]. In a study carried out with 100 Caatinga species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, Silva et al [57] reported that faveleira was the species with the highest oil content (22.6 and 33.5% w/w).…”

“…The results of that study showed that extraction with pressurized ethanol at 10 MPa (40 • C, 60 • C, and 80 • C) showed high oil yields (up to 92% efficiency) with lower solvent consumption (58 g versus ~160 g) and shorter extraction time (19 min versus 360 min); however, there was no significant difference in oil quality compared to the quality obtained by the conventional method. Vanillin 5 Seed and press cake UHPLC-DAD Acetone/water extract [51] Eugenol 6 Seed and press cake UHPLC-DAD Acetone/water extract [51] Vanillic acid 7 Seed and press cake UHPLC-DAD Acetone/water extract [51] Gallic acid 8 Seed and press cake UHPLC-DAD Acetone/water extract [51] Phytol 9 Leaves GC-MS Essential oil [48] α-Terpineol 10 Leaves, flowers GC-MS Essential oil [48] 11,12-dihydroxyvalencene 11 Leaves GC-MS Essential oil [48] γ-Terpinene 12 Flowers GC-MS Essential oil [48] β-Pinene 13 Flowers GC-MS Essential oil [48] Dehydroabietal 14 Stem bark GC-MS Essential oil [48] Abietadiene 15 Stem bark GC-MS Essential oil [48] β-Ionone 16 Leaves GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] Dihydroactinidiolide 17 Leaves GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] Sandaracopimaradiene 20 Stem bark GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] 13-methyl-17-norkaur-15-ene 21 Stem bark GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] Kaur-16-ene 22 Stem bark GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] Dehydroabietano 23 Stem bark GC-MS Hexane fraction [49] Faveline 24 Root bark HPLC-DAD, 1H-and 13C-NMR Chloroform fraction [50] O-Methyl faveline…”

“…The enormous diversity and the high quantity of bioactive compounds of this plant, and the challenges in identifying them, probably contribute to this absence of literature, so that even today there is only obscure knowledge of this genus. Among the main activities that have been studied are its usage as an antioxidant [14,15], an antimicrobial agent [8,16], a cytotoxic agent [17], and its hypoglycemic [18], anti-inflammatory [19], and antinociceptive properties [20][21][22].…”