Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia)

Abstract

This study presents the evaluation of biological activities and chemical profiling of Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. and Oenanthe silaifolia M. Bieb. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic and antiviral activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were investigated. The aqueous extract of O. aquatica possessing the highest content of phenolics (60.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), also exhibited the strongest radical scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (79.46 and 148.66 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively), the highest reducing ability (207.59 and 107.27 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant activity, respectively), metal chelating potential (33.91 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant ability (1.60 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) permitted tentative identification of compounds from simple organic acids, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids and their glycosides in O. aquatica and O. silaifolia extracts. The methanolic extract of O. aquatica substantially depressed acetylcholinesterase (3.67 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), tyrosinase (126.66 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract), and α-amylase (0.83 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) enzymes. The methanolic extract of O. silaifolia showed highest enzymatic inhibitory property against butyrylcholinesterase, and its aqueous extract depressed α-glucosidase activity (0.26 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All tested extracts exerted selective toxicity towards cancer cell lines, and the highest anticancer potential was found for O. aquatica aqueous extract on FaDu and HeLa cells with CC50 of 57.36 and 47.16 µg/mL, respectively. Significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 (HHV-1) was found for both aqueous extracts in concentrations of 1000 µg/mL, which inhibited the HSV-1 cytopathic effect (CPE) in virus infected VERO cells and reduced the virus infective titer by more than 3 log (logCCID50/mL). This study has produced critical scientific data on O. aquatica and O. silaifolia, which are potential contenders for the development of novel phyto-pharmaceuticals.

Characterization and Valorization of the Agricultural Waste Obtained from Lavandula Steam Distillation for Its Reuse in the Food and Pharmaceutical Fields

“…Nowadays, with cholinesterase inhibition being the most widely used approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, several efforts have been made to discover new sources of inhibitors. Different plants have been tested to understand their effects on AChE [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Indeed, flavonoids and phenolic acids have been reported to fit into the gorge of the active site of the enzyme [ 59 ].…”

Phytochemical Insights into Ficus sur Extracts and Their Biological Activity

“…We have previously reported that Oenanthe aquatica and Oenanthe silaifolia extracts possess significant antiviral activity, and the observed effect may be related to the presence of caffeic acid and its derivatives (caffeic acid glucoside, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid) present in those extracts [ 52 ]. Interestingly, caffeic acid derivatives were identified in the FLM, which showed the highest anti-HHV-1 activity, and in FSBI, which exerted a noticeable, though much lower, influence on the tested herpes virus, reducing the infectious titer only by 0.92 log.…”

“…The evaluation of cytotoxicity was performed against normal kidney fibroblasts (VERO) and cancer cell lines derived from cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and colon cancer (RKO) using microculture tetrazolium assay (MTT) as previously described [ 52 ]. Briefly, the cell monolayers were incubated with serial dilutions of the tested extracts for 72 h, and then cellular viability was assessed using the MTT protocol.…”

“…The extracts in non-toxic concentrations were tested for their influence on HHV-1 replication in the virus-infected VERO cells after 72 h incubation as previously described [ 52 ]. Briefly, the monolayer of VERO cells was treated with HHV-1 (100-fold CCID 50 , CCID 50 –50% cell culture infections dose) for 1 h, followed by washing with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) and further incubated until a cytopathic effect (CPE) was recorded in the virus control (VC).…”

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“…It will contact the rest of the solvent, thus obtaining a new amount of extractive solution. The two extractive liquids will combine and filter after a 24-h rest [21].…”